Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 3.djvu/161

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ROMANTIC.

149

literature, or to songs where music is set to romantic words, will not be questioned. And from such works it is easy to select passages which present romantic pictures to the mind, as, for instance, the Trumpet passage on the long B♭ in the bass in the great Leonore overture, or the three Horn notes in the overture to 'Oberon,' or the three Drum notes in the overture to 'Der Freischütz.' But in pure instrumental music the marks of romanticism are so fine, and the recognition of them depends so much on sympathy and mental predisposition, that the question whether this or that work is romantic may be a subject of interminable dispute among critics. Sometimes the only mark of romanticism would seem to be a subtle effect of instrumentation, or a sudden change of key, as in the following passage from the Leonore Overture:—

$\new ChoirStaff << \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new Staff \relative g'' { \time 4/4 <g g'>4:8\ff <e e'>:_\markup \small \italic "tutti" <c c'>: <g g'>: | <e e'>: <c c'>: <a a'>: <g g'>: | <ais cis fis>4\p <ais ais'>2 <cis cis'>4 | <d d'>2. <cis cis'>4_"etc." } \new Staff << \new Voice \relative g { \clef bass \stemUp g2. s4 <e e,>4:8 <c c,>: <a a,>: <g g,>: | <fis fis,>4 fis8 cis' \repeat tremolo 2 { ais8 fis'} | \repeat percent 2 { \repeat tremolo 2 { ais,8 fis' } } } \new Voice \relative g, { \stemDown g4:8 e': c: <g g'>: | s1 | s4 fis2 fis4 fis1 } >> >>$

Another example from Beethoven is supplied by the opening bars of the PF. Concerto in G major, where after the solo has ended on the dominant the orchestra enters pp with the chord of B major, thus—

$\new ChoirStaff << \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new Staff \relative d'' { \time 4/4 \key g \major \partial 2 \mark \markup \small "Solo" <d a>4.^( <c fis, d>8) | << { c8^([ b] a) } \\ { <g d>4 ~ <fis d>8 } >> r8 r2 | <b fis dis>2\pp^\markup \small "Strings" ~ q8 q-. q-. q-. | q_( <ais cis,>) <ais fis cis>-. q-. s_"etc." } \new Staff \relative f { \key g \major \clef bass <fis a d>4.^( <d a'>8) | <g b>4^( <d a'>8) r r2 | b2 ~ b8 b-. b-. b-. | b( f') f-. f-. s } >>$

The whole of the Slow Movement of this Concerto is thoroughly romantic, but perhaps that quality is most powerfully felt in the following passage:—

$\new ChoirStaff << \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new Staff \relative e' { \time 2/4 \key g \major \partial 32*5 \mark \markup \small "Tutti" e32-.\p d16.-._\markup \small \italic "dim" e32-. | c16.-. c32-. b16.-. c32-. a8-. a-. | a <c' c'>^._\<^([^\markup \small "Solo" <c b'>^. <c a'>^.)] | <c g'>4_\>^( ~ <c f>8\!)_"etc." } \new Staff \relative e { \clef bass \key g \major <e e,>32-. <d d,>16.-. <e e,>32-. | <c c,>16.-. q32-. <b b,>16.-. <c c,>32-. <a a,>8-. q-. | <a a,> \clef treble <a' c f a>^.^([^\pp q^. q^.)] | q4 ~ q8 } >>$

Yet so subtle is the spell of its presence here that it would be difficult to define where its intense romanticism lies, unless it be in the abrupt change both in key (A minor to F major), and in the character of the phrase, almost forcing a scene, or recollection, or image, upon the hearer. Indeed, to romantic music belongs in the highest degree the power of evoking in the mind some vivid thought or conception—as for instance, in this passage from the Adagio of the 9th Symphony:—

$\new ChoirStaff << \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \override Score.Rest #'style = #'classical \new Staff \relative e'' { \time 12/8 \key bes \major \partial 8*11 <ees g bes ees>8[\sf r q16 q] <d f bes d>8[\sf r q16 q] <c f a c>8 <f f,>16[\ff q] q8[ r f16 f] | << { <f aes des>2. s | aes f2.*1/2 } \\ { r4 r8 r4 aes,16\p aes <f des>2. | aes4\> r8 r4 ees16 \! ees ees4 r8_"etc." } \\ { s2. aes4 r8 r4 aes16 aes | <des f>4. <c ees> <ces ees> } >> } \new Staff \relative e { \clef bass \key bes \major <ees g bes ees>8 r <ees ees,>16 q <bes bes'>8 r <bes bes,>16 q <f f'>8 f'16[ f] f8[ r f16 f] | <des des,>2. ~ q4. <f f,> | <aes aes,>2. ~ q4. } >>$

where the transition into D♭ seems to say, 'Vanitas vanitatum, omnia vanitas'; and again in the Eroica, where at the end of the Trio, the long holding notes and peculiar harmony in the horns seem to suggest the idea of Eternity:—

$\new ChoirStaff << \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \override Score.Rest #'style = #'classical \new Staff << \new Voice \relative f' { \key ees \major \time 3/4 \partial 4 \mark \markup \small "Strings" \stemUp f4^( | fis2.) ^~ fis2 fis4^( | g2.) ^~ | g4 r g^\markup \small "Horns" | aes2. ^~ aes ^~ aes ^~ aes ^~ aes ^~ aes ^~ aes | g4 } \new Voice \relative c' { \stemDown c4\pp _~ c2. _~ c2 c4_( | des2.) _~ des4 r ees4 _~ ees2.\fz _~ | ees\> _~ ees _~ ees\! | d2.\pp d d | ees4_"etc." } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative e { \clef bass \key ees \major \stemUp ees4 ^~ ees2. ^~ ees2 ees4 ^~ ees2. ^~ ees4 r } \new Voice \relative a, { \stemDown aes4_( a2.) _~ a2 a4_( bes2.) _~ bes4 r bes | ces2. _~ | ces _~ | ces _~ ces bes _~ bes _~ bes | ees4 } >> >>$

[App. p.733 "the last three dotted minims should not be tied."]

Many more illustrations might be taken from Beethoven's works, and never has the romantic spirit produced more splendid results than in his five last Sonatas and in his Symphony No. 7. But with regard to our choice of examples we must remind the reader that, where the standpoint of criticism is almost wholly subjective, great diversities of judgment are inevitable.

It was not until after the appearance of the works of Carl Maria von Weber, who lived in close relation with the romantic school of literature, and who drew his inspirations from their writings, that critics began to speak of a 'romantic school of music.' Beethoven had by this time been accepted as classical, but in addition to Weber himself, Schubert, and afterwards Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Chopin were all held to be representatives of the romantic school. Widely as the composers of this new school differed in other respects, they were alike in their susceptibility to the tone of thought and feeling which so deeply coloured the romantic literature of their time. None of them were strangers to that weariness, approaching to disgust, of the actual world around them, and those