navigation, the others 2,340 more. The tperchant marine is the smallest^ in Europe, most of the maritime traffic passing through Trieste and Fiume on the Adriatic. Since the rivers do not lead to these ports, four fifths of Austria-Hungary's ocean-freight are transported by railroads, all converging on Vienna and Budapest. The railroads are less developed than in most European countries, their mileage of 25,000 miles being only one third that of France, but international overland routes lead to Bucharest, Constantinople and Salonika. A railroad through Arlberg tunnel leads to Geneva, Marseilles and Paris, another over Brenner pass into Germany and Italy, and a third via Semmering pass and tunnel to Genoa, Trieste and Venice.
Education. Primary instruction is compulsory and free from six to fourteen years of age. The schools are controlled by a department of public instruction, and are excellent, but every province remains responsible for the management of its schools. For secondary instruction admirable provision is made in hundreds of excellent colleges, gymnasia or high schools, professional and technical schools, and eight universities. Among these, Prague and Vienna are famous,,
History. Austria was founded as a small outpost of the Empire of Charlemagne in 706. Arpad a century later founded Hungary (886), and for six and one half centuries each grew independently. Hungary became a Kingdom in 1,000, many of its present institutions originating then; Austria a duchy in 1156, the accession of the Hapsburgs in 1282 initiating its greatness. Hungary in 1222, like England in 1216, won a constitution, and till 1490 was the strongest state in central Europe. The Hapsburgs meanwhile acquired Carinthia, Carniola, Styria and Tyrol and the headship of the Holy Roman Empire, Vienna about 1500 becoming the metropolis of German art and science. In 1526 Hungary fell before Turkey but Austria obtained Bohemia, Hungary, Moravia and Silesia and received recognition as a European monarchy. At the Reformation, which made great progress in Hungary where millions today are Protestants, Austria remained with the Roman church. It was the bulwark of Christendom against Turkey, the mainstay of the papacy against Calvinism and Lutheranism. Its almost ceaseless wars succeeded in liberating Hungaiy from the Turkish yoke. Numerous German colonists brought German civilization to Hungarian towns. The Hungarian estates, assembling in Pressburg, staunchly resisted every effort to absorb Hungary in the Austrian Empire. The Austrian states were in 1804 united as the Empire of Austria, its archduke becoming "Hereditary Emperor" and in 1806 he ended the Holy Roman Empire. Austria was a powerful force in overthrowing Napoleon and from 1815 to 1865 opposed every attempt of the Magyars at independence. In 1848 Hungary rose under the lead of Kossuth, but was subjected to the imperial armies with the help of Russia. Austria renewed its efforts to germanize Hungary but failed and meanwhile lost Italy and Germany. So independence and selfgovernment were restored to Hungary and arrangements were made that united Austro-Hungary to a real union founded upon the same dynasty and an old pact called the Pragmatic Sanction dated 1721-1722. By this fundamental law all parts of the old Hapsburg Empire were forever united under the rule of its dynasty and bound to common defense against foreign attacks. Austria-Hungary have one army, coinage, diplomatic service, sovereign, and tariff, foreign affairs and war being managed by a dual committee called the Delegations; but Austria and Hungary each have their own ministry and premier.
Austrian Hymn. Known also as the Emperor's Hymn. Written by the poet Hauschka in 1796, and set to music for four voices by Joseph Haydn. It was first sung on the emperor's birth-day, February 12, 1797, at the national theater in Vienna and at the principal theaters in the provinces. Its combination of strength and simplicity well fit it for an adequate expression of patriotic sentiment. With Haydn it was a great favorite, which he often delighted to play, and which he introduced into the Kaiser quartet, No. 77, with elaborate variations. It endures as the best of Haydn's songs.
Austrian Succession, War of the, a war on the European continent which broke out in 1741 to defend the rights of Maria Theresa in her Austrian dominions, left to her, in what is called the "Pragmatic Sanction," by her father, Emperor Charles VI., who died without male issue. These dominions were claimed by some pretenders, notably by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (descending from Ferdinand I.), and by Augustus III., elector of Saxony (husband of the eldest daughter of the Emperor Joseph I.). In the struggle Britain allied herself with Austria, Russia, Hungary, and Poland, against France, Prussia, Spain, Sardinia, and Bavaria. The war continued from 1741 to 1748, when it was terminated by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Austria emerging from the conflict with the loss of Silesia, Parma, and Piacenza. The chief incidents of the war were the defeat of the French by the British at Dettingen, and the French victory of Fontenoy over the Duke of Cumberland (British), and the allied Austrians, Dutch, and Hanoverians (Prussia having, in 1742, withdrawn from the struggle at the close of what is known as the first Silesian war). Other phases of the war of the period between the English and the French are known as King George's war, and the at-
