studies of actual and ideal society, as A Traveler from Altruria; besides collections of poems.
How′itt, William and Mary, English writers of the first half of the 19th century. William was born in 1795 at Heanor, Derbyshire, England. On April 16, 1821, he married Mary Botham, born at Uttoxeter, England, March 12, 1799. The record of their lives is a record of the books they wrote. Some of their joint productions are Literature and Romances of Northern Europe, Stories of English Life and Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain. Mary Howitt was the first to translate the works of Hans Andersen into English. William wrote History of Priestcraft, Rural Life in England, Student Life in Germany, Homes and Haunts of the British Poets and Poems. They both died at Rome, William on March 3, 1879, and Mary on Jan. 30, 1888. See Mary Howitt, an Autobiography, edited by her daughter, Margaret.
Huber (ü′bâr'), François, a Swiss naturalist and author of a book on the habits of bees, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, July 2, 1750. He early lost his eyesight, but with the aid of his wife and servant he conducted many important observations on the habits of bees, and published his book in 1792, which was reprinted in 1796 and 1814 as New Observations on Bees. He died near his birthplace on Dec. 31, 1831.
Huck′leberry, the fruit of various species of Vaceinium and Gaylussacia, genera which belong to the heath family and are sometimes considered as forming a family by themselves, known as the huckleberry family. The former genus is restricted to America and contains about 40 species; the latter is widely distributed and contains about 125 species. The huckleberries, and the various species have received numerous names, such as tangleberry, whortleberry, bilberry, deerberry, farkleberry etc. The common huckleberry of the markets is Gaylussacia resinosa, the black huckleberry. The species of Vaceinium are more frequently called blueberries.
Hud'dersfield, a city in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It owes its rapid growth to its situation in the coal district, its large water-power and its shipping facilities. It is the chief northern seat of the fancy trade, and has woolen mills, cotton and silk spinning, iron founding and machine-making. Population 94,851.
Hud'son Bay, a gulf or rather inland sea in the northeast portion of North America, is wholly landlocked, except on the north, where Southampton Island and Fox Channel lie between it and the Arctic Ocean and where Hudson Strait, running 500 miles southeast, joins it to the Atlantic. Including James Bay on the southeast, it is 1,000 miles long and, on an average, 600 miles wide, and covers an area of about 500,000 square miles. This sea is the great drainage reservoir of the Canadian northwest territories. Of the many rivers flowing into it the two largest are the Churchill, whose deep and narrow mouth forms the beat harbor on the shores of the bay, and the Nelson, which is navigable for 70 or 80 miles. The possibility of opening a short route for transportation of the products of the great grain fields of the northwest through Hudson Bay to Liverpool has engaged the attention of the Canadian government, and as a result of surveys and studies of climatic conditions it is thought that this may be found practicable.
Hud'son Bay Company, a corporation formed in 1670 by Prince Rupert and 17 other noblemen for the purpose of importing furs and skins into Great Britain. The company was given the ownership of the entire region draining into Hudson Bay. In 1869, shortly after Canadian federation, the Company ceded all its rights to Britain, receiving $1,500,000 indemnity from the Dominion of Canada and reserving all its forts, 50,000 acres and one twentieth of all lands between Red River and the Rocky Mountains. See Bryce's Remarkable History of the Hudson Bay Company.
Hudson, Henry, English navigator, is first heard of in 1607, when he embarked in a small vessel in search of a northeast passage. In his second attempt, in 1608, he reached Nova Zembla, and in his third, giving up all hope of finding a northeast passage, he sailed south, discovered the river now bearing his name, and sailed up it for 150 miles. He set off upon his last voyage in 1610, discovered the strait now called Hudson Strait, and passed through it into Hudson Bay, where, although poorly provisioned, he determined to pass the winter. When food gave out, the sailors mutinied, and cast Hudson and eight others adrift in the summer of 1611. The ringleaders perished in a fight with savages, and the sur-
