of the tense is formed from adwaen‑ as a stem on the analogy of gwẟost etc., or with pres. endings.
(2) The impf. ind. is a new formation from the same stem, except the 3rd sg., which may be old. The form atwaenat may however be for atweinat s.g. 36 which would represent regularly *ati-u̯o-gn‑i̯a-to < *‑g̑n‑i̯ə-tó 3rd sg. opt. mid.
(3) The rest of the verb comes from periphrastic tenses formed with the prefix *ati- only, and a verbal adj. *gnau̯os < *g̑nə-uo‑s (: cf. Lat. gnāvus < *g̑n̥̄-u̯o‑s), with the verb ‘to be’. This implies that ‑nab- is for ‑nawb- (cf. clybot § 194 v (4)); the ‑aw‑ is attested in O.W. amgnaubot ox., which must be the same formation with a different prefix. (This ‑au- cannot be from ‑ā‑, which would give ‑o- in the penult.)
§ 192. i. (1) pieu (Mn. W. pḯ-au) ‘whose is?’ contains the dative of the interrogative stem *qu̯i- and ‑eu ‘is’, a weak form of *wy, which elsewhere became yw ‘is’ § 179 ix (3). The forms of the verb that occur in Ml. W. are as follows; most of them are re-formations from pieu, the ‑eu- generally unrounded to ‑ei- before v or ff:
Pres. ind.: sg. 2. piwyt see ii (1) below;—3. pieu;—pl. 3. piewynt (for *pieu-ynt) w.m. 83.
Impf. ind.: sg. 2. pieuoetud (t ≡ ẟ) see ii (3) below;—3rd sg. pioeẟ w.m. 117, pieuoeẟ r.m. 196, piewoeẟ w.m. 121, pieweẟ do. 129, pioweẟ do. 178, pieoeẟ do. 135;—3rd pl. pioeẟynt s.g. 426.
Fut.: sg. 3. pẏeuvyẟ (ẏ ≡ i) a.l. i 179 ms.b., pieivyẟ ib. ms.d., h.m. ii 81;—pl. 1 pieifyẟwn c.m. 42.
Perf.: 3rd sg. pieivu w.m. 394, r.m. 252, pievu w.m. 394.
Pres. subj.: 3rd sg. pẏeẏfo (ẏ ≡ i, f ≡ ff) a.l. i 196.
Impf. subj.: 3rd sg. pieiffei s.g. 299, pieivyẟei do. 324.
(2) In Mn. W., only the 3rd sg. is used. The forms are—
Indic. pres. pḯau;—imperf. pḯoedd L.G.C. 168, I.Ỻaf. c.c. 352, accented pïṓedd by T.A., c 84/849;—fut. pïéuvydd L.G.C. 291;—the other tenses rarely occur.
In the dialects the pres. pḯau only is used, and other tenses are formed periphrastically by using tenses of the verb ‘to be’ with relatival piau; thus oedd pia(u) ‘was who owns’ for pioedd ‘who owned’.
ii. (1) The verb ‘to be’ in pieu generally means ‘is’ in the sense of ‘belongs’; but sometimes it has a complement, in which case the literal meaning of the compound is seen clearly; thus—
