- Ac yno ym medw Gwynedd
- Imi ar bdr y mae'r bedd. D.G. 60.
' And there among the birch-trees of Gwynedd the grave is heing prepared for me.' Ag in the text here, but Ac in the previous couplet.
- Ni thorrais un llythyren
- O bin ao inc heb enw Grwen. D.N". M 136/147.
' I have not written one letter with pen and ink but Gwen's name.'
- Am Fon yr ymofynnaf;
- Mwnai ao aur Mon a g/. L.G.C. M 146/140.
' Mon will I seek ; I shall have the money and gold of Mon.'
(2) ac ( = ag) is used before vowels ; a [spir.] before consonants, including ^, and in Ml. and Early Mn. W. i ; as lara a chaws ; dwr a kalen.
- Ni chwynaf od wyf afiach,
- Os yfo sy fyw a iach. R.G.G. IL.B.M. 23.
' I shall not complain if I am ill, if he is alive and well.' The MS. has ag, which is usual in the late period before i ; but such combinations as ac haul sometimes seen in recent cynghanedd have no lit. or dial, justification, except perhaps in Gwentian where h is dropped. The same rules apply to a, ag ' with ' ; na, nac ' nor ' ; no, noc ' than '.
(3) ag : Ir. acus, accus, ocus; the Ir. -c- or -cc- represents -gg- as proved by Mn. Ir. -g- ; W. ag then represents *aggos ; the final -s and oxytone proved by the spirant initial which follows it ; the Ir. acus older occuis for *agguis < *aggos-ti. Brit. *aggos < *at-g}i6s formed of *at ( : *ei) 63 v (2) and a #A-suffix as in Gk. ' Si-xa, &-xou, 8i-xo-6ev, etc.
The base *at (: *et) is connected with *ati (: *eti) ' beyond ', whence ' and, but ' ; thus Lat. et, Umbr. et ' and ', Goth. ij> ' and, but ' < *et: Lat. at ' but ', Goth, ap-fian ' but ', Gk. dr-ap ' but ' < *at. The suffix -ghos is also seen in ag ' with ' 213 iii (i) ; and in agos ' near ', the base of which is probably *ad- ' to, near ' : Lat. ad, E. at ; thus *agos < Brit. *aggostos < *ad-ghos-to-s.
ii. Disjunctive : (i) neu [soft] ' or*.
neu < *n6ul < *ne-ue : Ir. no, no, nu < *ne-ue. The second ele- ment is Ar. ue ' or ' : Lat. -ve, Skr. va f or '. Thurneysen takes the first to be the neg. *ne- so that the orig. meaning was ' or not ' : Skr. nd-va ' or not '. But the development of the meaning is in that case not obvious. The *ne- may be the stem of the *eno-, *no- pronoun, as Gk. -ve in Thess. ro-ve ' rdSe ', Skr. na ' as ', Lat. ego-ne etc., of which the loc. is the affirmative part, neu 219 i (2); thus the original meaning would be ' or indeed, or rather '.
(2) Ml. W. ae . . . ae ' whether ... or; either ... or' ; Mn. W. ai . . , ai ; strengthened, naill ai. . . ai yntau.
