Tea is extensively grown and exported, and it ia a noteworthy fact that" the first tea imported into England in 1666 (known as Bohea) came from the Wu-yi (pronounced hoo-he) in this province.
The Province of Fu-kien has long been noted for its production of porcelain. That produced in the Sung Dynasty (960-1280) was originally made at Chien-an Hien, and is described by an author of the eleventh century as being "invested with a soft black glaze flecked with lighter spots, like the fur of a hare." Fu-kien porcelain of the present day is white instead of black, and is produced at the potteries of Teh-hwa Hien, estab- lished in the early part of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
Fu-kien was the great centre of the early trade with the Arabs and Sumatra, and is noted his- torically for its close relations with the Japan- ese, and its stubborn resistance to Manchu rule. In our day it is noted for its reformers and 'progressives.'
Its two treaty ports are Fu-chow and Amoy (q.v.). In 1899 another port, San Tu Ao (Sam- sah Inlet ) , further north, was voluntarily opened to foreign trade by the Chinese authorities.
rUKTJI, foo-koo'e. The name of seven or more places in Japan^ but especially of the chief city of the Province of Echizen, and the ken or pre- fecture of the same name. Population of the ken, in 1898, 632,580; of the city, 44,290. Fukui is situated on both sides of the Ashiwa River, five miles from the sea. The chief manufacture is habutai, a thin white silk, the production of which in recent years has reached a value of over $10,- 000,000. The city is clean and cheerful, and has had a famous history. In the modern renascence of the nation, Fukui was one of the first educa- tional centres, and is at once the stronghold of Buddhism and the seat of thriving Christian missions. Its palmy days were under its feudal lord, Matsudaira, whose ancestry held the white- walled and ivy-clad castle for over 300 years, and whose farewell to his thousands of retainers, October 1, 1871, was one of the striking episodes of feudalism. Consult Grlffis, The Mikado's Em- pire, chs. vii., viii., ix., xv. (New York, 1900).
FUKITOKA, foo'koo-o'kd. A prefectural town of Japan, situated on the northern coast of Kiusiu, about 50 miles from Kokura (Map: Japan, B 7 ) . It has a number of fine streets, an old castle now occupied by a garrison, and a public garden. Population, in 1898, 66,190.
FUKUSHIMA, foo'koo-she'ma. A prefectural town of Japan, situated in the Province of Iwa- shira, 49 miles by rail from Sendai, and 168 miles from Tokio (Map: Japan, G 5). It lies in a very picturesque region, and is an important centre for trade in raw silk and silkworms' eggs. Population, in 1898, 20,624.
FUKUYAMA, foo'lcoo-yil'mfi. A seaport of Japan, situated at the southern end of the isl- and of Yezo, over 60 miles from Hakodate (Map: Japan, C 6). It was formerly the seat of the lords of Matsumai, and was the chief outlet for the trade of Yezo. Since the abolition of feudal- ism the town has lost its commercial importance and has been superseded by Hakodate. It con- tains a number of interesting temples and has an estimated population of 15,000.
FUKUZAWA, foo'koo-za^va, Yukichi (1834- 1901). A Japanese author and journalist, born in the Province of Buzen. Going to Yedo (To- kio) in 1858, he was so fortunate as to be invited to accompany Katsu Awa in the first Japanese steamer that crossed the Pacific, re- maining several months in the United States, studying its institutions and ways of thought. In 1802 he accompanied the Japanese embassy to Europe sent to obtain concessions with a view to limiting and checking foreign trade with Japan, and to postponing the opening of the seaports mentioned in the treaties with the powers, until January 1, 1868. He improved his opportunity while in London to purchase a library of foreign books and to improve his knowledge of English. In 1866 he published a work, the first of its kind, in several volumes, called Set Yd Jijo (Western Manners and Customs ) , which became instantly popular. It was read by immense numbers, and probably did more than any other publication or event to turn the minds of the Japanese people toward the adoption of Western civilization. He again visited the United States, and on his re- turn was appointed an instructor in the Govern- ment College in Yedo, where he continued until the civil war in 1868. He then entered upon that systematic course of literary labor by which, through his books and his newspaper, the Jiji Shimpo, he has influenced the reconstruction of Japanese literary style. He wrote on an amazing variety of subjects, criticising old Japanese tradi- tions, opinions, and customs, and opened lecture halls and helped to form the scholarly Mei Roku Sha, or Society of the Sixth Year of Meiji ( 1874) . On the thirtieth anniversary of the Emperor's accession to the throne, Fukuzawa, having stead- fastly declined all offers of Government office as well as a title of nobility, proudly remaining a commoner, was honored by the Emperor with a gift of 50,000 yen. He died February 3, 1901. Consult Chamberlain, Things Japanese (London, 1891).
FULAH, foa'la (or Pulo, plural Fulhe) . An important Hamite-Negro people on the upper Senegal River in "Futa Toro and Futa Jallon in compact masses; elsewhere in scattered groups from Senegambia east to Darfur, and south to Adamawa." They are of good stature (1.75 m.) and light brown or copper color, having long heads (index 74.3), Caucasoid features, black and frizzled, but not wooly, hair, and negroid speech. There are four great branches of the Fulah, the Jel, the Baa, the So, and the Beri, and many tribes in each. Their name undergoes many changes in the mouths of their neighbors, being variously known as Fula (Mandingan), Fulaji, Fellani (Hausa) ; Fulata, Fellata (Kanuri) ; Fullan (Arab); Ufut, Ifulan (Southern Tua- regs) ; Afellen, Ifellen (Northern Tu a regs) ; Peul, Poul (French); Fulah (English). In the term Fulah-Zavdeh are sometimes included all peoples resulting from the mixing of Ethiopians with Su- danese Negroes, extending from east to west across the whole of Africa over a belt of five to six degrees in width.
FULBERT, ful'bar' (c.950-1029) . A French bishop and scholar. He was a charity student in the school at Rheims under Gerbert, and after- wards was connected with the Church of Chartres. Here he taught, and under his direction the schools of the Academy of Chartres attained a
