century the receipts of pelts there of Mustelidæ alone, from North America exclusively, amounted to about 3,250,000 sables, 1,500,000 otters, 100,000 wolverenes, 3,000,000 minks, 25,000 sea-otters, 500,000 skunks, and 500,000 badgers, besides an unknown number of ermines, fishers, etc. “The scientific interest with which the zoölogist, as simply such, may regard this family of animals, yields to those practical considerations of every-day life which render the history of the Mustelidæ so important.” Consult authorities mentioned under Mammalia, especially Coues, Fur-Bearing Animals (Washington, 1877). See Badger; Ermine; Ferret; Fisher; Marten; Otter; Polecat; Sable; Sea-Otter; Skunk; Weasel; Wolverene; and similar titles.
FURBRINGER, fụr′brĭng-ẽr, Max Karl (1846—). A German anatomist and writer on comparative morphology. He was born at Wittenberg, and was educated at Jena and Berlin. In 1888 he was appointed to a professorship at Jena. His publications include several valuable works on the anatomical structure and development of the Vertebrata, such as: Die Knochen und Muskeln der Extremitäten bei den schlangenähnlichen Saurien (1870); Zur Entwicklung der Amphibienniere (1877); and Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel (1888).
FUR′CA ET FLAGEL′LUM (Lat., gallows and whip). In feudal relations, the lowest of servile tenures, in which the bondman was entirely at the lord's mercy, both in life and limb.
FURETIÈRE, fụr′tyâr′, Antoine (1620-88). A noted French philologist, lexicographer, and novelistic satirist. He was born in Paris, was trained for the law and the Church, but afterwards gave his life to letters. He published a volume of verse (1655), and two satires, the Nouvelle allégorique, ou Histoire des derniers troubles arrivés au royaume d'eloquence (1658), and Voyage de Mercure (1659). These won him an academic seat (1662). Already he had begun the preparation of a dictionary which, as its copyright ‘privilege’ states, was to contain all French words, old as well as modern. For twelve years he labored on it, when in 1674 a royal decree was issued forbidding any one to publish a dictionary till that of the Academy should appear. He published his own dictionary, notwithstanding, in 1684, ten years before the first dictionary of the Academy was ready. That body behind closed doors condemned him for plagiarism, a slander tardily refuted by the appearance of their own dictionary in 1694. Furetière was expelled from the Academy (1685), and his right to print in France revoked. He resisted with wit and courage in a shower of epigrams, but under the strain and the disappointment, he died in Paris, May 14, 1688, two years before his dictionary appeared at Rotterdam (1690). He was also a realistic novelist. Among his novels is Le roman bourgeois (1666). Furetière's dictionary was edited by Basnage in 1701, and again revised in 1725. It furnished the basis for the Dictionnaire de Trévoux that at length displaced it. Consult Körting, Geschichte des franzosischen Romans, vol. ii. (2d ed., Oppeln, 1891).
FURFOOZ (fur′fōz′) RACE. From brachycephalic skulls found at the Trou de Frontal, Furfooz, Belgium, this type of mankind is supposed to date from the end of the Quaternary period, just at the commencement of the Polished Stone age. The first appearance of broad-headed man in Europe at Furfooz, as well as at Grenelle and Cro-Magnon, associated with longheads, took place at different dates in the Neolithic period. Mortillet places the Furfooz man in the Robenhausen epoch of the Neolithic period, and also says that the associated relics have been disturbed. Consult: Le Préhistorique (Paris, 1900); Deniker, Races of Man (1900); Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (London, 1901).
FURIES. See Eumenides.
FURIOSO, fo͞o′rē̇-ō′sō̇, Bombastes. See Bombastes Furioso.
FURIOSO, Orlando. See Orlando Furioso.
FU′RIUS, Marcus Furius Bibaculus (c.103 B.C.—?). A Latin poet, born at Cremona. He wrote iambics, epigrams, and a poem on Cæsar's Gallic wars. “Jupiter hibermas cana nive conspuet Alpes,” the opening line in the poem on Cæsar, is parodied by Horace (Sat. II., 5, 41), who substitutes Furius for Jupiter, and speaks of the poet as pingui tentus omaso, “distended with his fat paunch.” It is probable that Furius also wrote the poem Æthiopis, containing an account of the death of Memnon, and that the turgidus Alpinus of Horace is really Bibaculus. He is compared by Diomedes with Horace and Catullus, and is enumerated among the Roman iambic poets by Quintilian (X. 1, 96). Consult: Bährens, Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum (Leipzig, 1886); and Weichert, Dissertatio de Turgido Alpino S. M. F. Bibaculo (1822).
FURLOUGH, fûr′lō̇ (Dutch verlof, from Dan. forlov, leave, from for, Eng. for + lof, Dan. lov, Ger. Laube, Eng. leave, permission). A military term, applied to the leave of absence of the rank and file. It does not apply to commissioned officers. In the United States Army furloughs in the prescribed form for periods of 20 days may be granted to enlisted men by commanding officers of posts, or by regimental commanders, if the companies to which they belong are under their control.
The number of men furloughed at any one time is not to exceed five per cent. of the enlisted strength. In England the furlough season is confined to the winter months, generally from the 15th of October to the 15th of March. All soldiers with over twelve months' service, and qualified in conduct and musketry ability are entitled to six weeks' furlough. In France and Continental Europe generally, soldiers in the active army who have qualified in their duties, and can read and write, may, at the end of twelve months' service, be sent on furlough for an indefinite period. See Armies.
FURMAN, fo͞or′mȧn, Richard (1755-1825). An American Baptist clergyman, born at Esopus, N. Y. He was pastor of the First Baptist Church of Charleston, S. C, from 1787 until 1822. During this period he was also active as a legislator, and took part in the deliberations on the first Constitution of South Carolina. As one of the foremost promoters of the Baptist movement, he was elected in 1814 first president of the Triennial Convention of Baptists.
FURNACE (from OF. fornais, Fr. fournaise, It. fornace, from Lat. fornax, furnace, from for-
