Consult: Jones, The History of Georgia, to 1783 (Boston, 1883); McCall, History of Georgia, to 1816 (Savannah, 1816); Stephens, War Between the States (Philadelphia, 1879); Avery, History of Georgia from 1850 to 1881 (New York, 1884).
GEORGIA, Strait of. The main section of the arm of the North Pacific Ocean which separates Vancouver Island from the mainland. It lies between Vancouver on the west and British Columbia on the east (Map: British Columbia, D 5). It averages perhaps 25 miles in width, and is comparatively deep, having soundings of over 1000 feet. It receives the water of the Fraser River (q.v.) and some smaller streams, and communicates with the open ocean by Queen Charlotte Sound in the north, and by the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the south.
GEORGIA, University of. An institution of higher education, chartered in 1785, and formally opened at Athens, Ga., in 1801. Its government is vested in a board of trustees appointed by the Governor. At the outbreak of the Civil War the faculty and most of the students joined the Confederate Army, and the institution remained closed until 1866. The proceeds of the sales of lands received by Georgia under the United States Land Grant Act of 1862 were transferred to the university in 1872, and the university, which in its inception was designed as a classical school, has, since the close of the Civil War, broadened its scope, and in 1902 comprised: Franklin College; the State College of Agriculture; the Graduate School; the Law School; the North Georgia Agricultural College, situated at Dahlonega; the Medical College, situated at Augusta; the School of Technology, situated at Atlanta; the Normal and Industrial School for Girls, situated at Milledgeville; the State Normal School; and the Industrial College for colored persons, which includes a well-equipped trade department. The total attendance, including 658 preparatory students, in 1902 was 2689. The library contains about 30,000 volumes, and the university owns twelve buildings. The running expenses of the university are partly defrayed by an annual State grant of $8000.
GEORGIA BARK. See Pinckneya.
GEORGIAN (jôr′jan) ARCHITECTURE. The style of architecture in England prevailing during the reigns of the four Georges, and corresponding to the Colonial style in the United States. It was an adaptation of the Italian or Palladian style to English requirements, in which it lost the greater part of the sculpture and carved ornament of the Italian prototype, but gained, on the other hand, in freedom and picturesqueness of detail, and never fell into the extravagances and bad taste of contemporary Italian work. Hawksmoor, James Gibbs, the architect of Saint-Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, Colin Campbell, the Adam brothers, Sir William Chambers, architect of Somerset House, London, Robert Taylor, and George Dance, are among the most notable architects of this period, to which American architecture owes the models which, in the second half of the eighteenth century, were followed generally in the design of the so-called Colonial churches and mansions of New England and the South. This neo-classic style was merged during the later Georgian period into the modern style, and lasted, roughly, from c.1715 to 1800.
GEORGIAN BAY. An eastern extension of Lake Huron in the Province of Ontario, Can., about 120 miles long and 50 miles wide, and with depths exceeding 300 feet in the southwestern section (Map: Ontario, C 2). It is partly cut off from Lake Huron by a peninsular extension of Ontario and Manitoulin Island, and is connected with the lake by a short channel 20 miles wide south of this island, and by the long North Channel north of it.
GEORGIAN, or Iberian, or Grusinian Language. The principal language of the Caucasian group of dialects. This family of languages is divided into North and South Caucasian, the former group comprising Abkhasish, Avarish, Kasikumük or Lak, Arkish, Hürkanish, Kürinish, Udish, Tchetchentsish, and Thushish, and the latter division consisting of Georgian itself, Mingrelish, Lazish, and Suanish. The Caucasian languages, which are, broadly speaking, agglutinative in type, although they show inflection in many instances, are comparatively poor in vowels, but they abound in difficult combinations of consonants, especially of gutturals and sibilants. The noun and the verb are highly complicated, and the North Caucasian distinguishes in gender between the six categories of animate and inanimate, rational and irrational, masculine and feminine. The number system in most of the dialects is vigesimal. The Georgian is the only Caucasian dialect that has developed a literature; it begins with a translation of the Bible in the eighth century. This literature is written in a modified Armenian script, and it is quite considerable in extent. It embraces poetry, romance, history, and theology, and it reached the period of its highest development during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Bibliography. The best general outline of the Caucasian languages, including Georgian, is that of Friedrich Müller in Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, vol. iii., sec. 2 (Vienna, 1887). Consult also: Erckert, Die Sprachen des kaukasischen Stammes (Vienna, 1895); Brosset, Eléments de la grammaire géorgienne (Paris, 1836); Dictionnaire géorgien-russe-français (Saint Petersburg, 1840); Leist, Georgische Dichter verdeutscht (Leipzig, 1887).
GEORGIANS. The Georgians, or Kartvelians, form the southern group of peoples of the Caucasus, which includes the following stocks, whose languages appear, though in part only distantly related, to have had a common origin: (1) The Georgians proper, or Grusians, with the Khevsurs, Thushes, Pshavs, and other mountain tribes, the Imers, the Gurians, etc.; (2) the Mingrelians, with the Lazes, Abkhasians, etc.; (3) the Suanitians, or Swans, of Kutais. Physically the Georgian peoples are of the white, not the yellow race, but rather mixed, the Georgians proper being brachycephalic, the Imers and Mingrelians more or less dolichocephalic; the Imers, too, have a less oval face, but Pantiukhoff (1893) considers them to represent best the primitive Georgian race, while Ripley (1899) takes the Mingrelian as typical of this group. The physical beauty of the men and women of the (Georgians proper has long been famous, but Chantre (1885) and after him Ripley style it “a perfectly formal, cold, and unintelligent beauty, in no
