Pizarro's Rivals—The Inca Empire—Almagro sets out for Chile—His claims to Cuzco—Sends forward Paullu Topu—Hardships encountered in the mountains—Sends forward party to obtain relief—Appearance of Chile—Different tribes—Their civilization and manner of living—Explorations—Almagro reinstates an ulmen—Engagement with the Indians—Return to Chile—Subsequent career of Almagro
Character of Valdivia—Character of the Araucanians—Their military system and social organization—De Hoz and Carmargo—Pizarro ignores the royal commission and appoints Valdivia to undertake the conquest of Chile—The expedition—Founding of Santiago and trouble with the Indians—Battle on the Mapocho river—Disaffection—Discovery of gold.
Valdivia determines to send Monroy and Miranda to Peru—Murder of a chief's son—Vaca de Castro sends recruits to Chile—Pastene explores the southern coasts—Massacre at Quillota
mines—Founding cities—Conquests—Valdivia goes to Peru, leaving Francisco de Villagran in command—Execution of De Hoz—Destruction of La Serena—Aguirre punishes the natives—Apportioning the lands—AilIavalu gives battle to Valdivia—Lincoyan—Valdivia establishes himself at Concepcion and seeks a title from Spain—Founding of Imperial and Villarica—Expedition toward the south—Recloma—Fortresses built—Aguirre dispatched to conquer provinces Cujo and Tucuman—Founding of Angol, the seventh city—Alderete sent to Spain—Colocolo incites Araucanians to resistance—Caupolican—Stratagems and attacks upon forts—Battle at Tucapel—Lautaro—Death of Valdivia
Spaniards in the south retire to Imperial and Valdivia—Skirmishes with the Araucanians—Villagran takes charge of the government—He crosses the Biobio and attacks the Indians at Mt. Mariguenu—Defeat of the Spaniards—Destruction of Concepcion—Villagran undertakes to rebuild the city, but again is defeated—Smallpox—Villagran and Aguirre submit their claims to the Royal Audience—Siege of Imperial and Valdivia—Lautaro proceeds against Santiago—Defeat and death of Lautaro—Events of the year 1557—Shipwreck of Alderete—Don Garcia arrives at Concepcion with a large force—Millalauco
Battle of Mt. Pinto—Battle at the Biobio—Don Garcia's inhuman acts—Galvarino—Founding of Cañete—Skirmishes with the Araucanians—Caupolican's stratagem—Rebuilding of Concepcion—The Cunches resort to an artifice—Exploring the Chiloé Archipelago—The poet Ercilla—Death of Caupolican—Caupolican II—Siege of Imperial—Defeat of the Araucanians—Rebuilding forts and cities—Quiroga
The Araucanians prepare for a renewal of the war—Defeat of the Spaniards at Mt. Mariguenu—Cañete burned—Sieges of Concepcion, Arauco and Angol—Defeat and death of Antiguenu—
Defeat of Lillemu—Founding of Castro and Chacao and Chiloé—The Indians of Chiloé—Establishment of an Independent Royal Audience—Renewed hostilities with the Araucanians—Don Melchor de Bravo—Earthquakes—Mestizos—Dissolution of the Royal Audience—Different governors—Continued wars with the Araucanians
Cayancaru elected toqui—Proceeds against the Spanish port of Karampangui—Lonconobal, Antulevu, Tarochina—Sotomayor builds forts of Trinidad and Espiritu Santo—Cayancaru attacks—Arauco—Guepotan—Defeats, successes and expeditions—Nongoniel—Cadeguala elected toqui—Pirates, English and Dutch descents upon the coast—Sir Thomas Cavendish lauds at Quintero Bay and is attacked by Alonzo Molina—Angol set on fire—The fortress of Puren taken by Cadeguala—Combat between Garcia Ramon and Cadiguala—Guanoalca elected toqui—Juan Tapia—Events of the year 1589—Janequeo determines to avenge the death of her husband—Defeats the governor—She fortifies herself in the mountains—Her force
dispersed—Quintuguenu elected toqui—Spaniards take the fort of Mt. Mariguenu—The younger Colocolo joins the Spaniards—Failure to effect a treaty of peace—Paillaeco succeeds Quintuguenu and is defeated—The governor withdraws the troops to Santiago—Leaves command to Pedro Viscarra and goes to Peru—Loyola appointed captain-general—Paillamachu sends Antipillan to Loyola
Loyola founds Coya—Exploits of the toqui, Paillamachu—Forts erected at Puren and Lumaco—Attacked by Paillamachu and demolished—Governor Loyola killed—All the southern cities besieged by the Araucanians—Concepcion and Chillan burned—Viscarra takes charge of the government—Francisco Quinones chosen governor—His cruelties—Valdivia burned and other cities besieged—The Dutch plunder Chiloé—Ramon appointed governor—Rivera succeeds him—The Biobio fortified—Fall of Vallarica, Imperial and Orsorno—Inez Aguillera—Successes of the Araucanians and close of the war—Huenecura as toqui—Ramon restored to the office of captain-general and
arrives with troops—Builds a fort at Boroa—Lisperguer—Huenecura attacks a fort—Ramon's army destroyed—King Philip III. reestablishes the Royal Audience—Huenecura defeated—Aillavilu, toqui—Luis de Valdivia undertakes to negotiate a treaty of peace—Recall of Rivera—Ancanamon, toqui—Failure of treaty—Utiflame—Talavaranno, Ulloa
Loncothegua succeeded by Lientur as toqui—Successes of the Araucanians—Cerda succeeds Ulloa as captain-general—Pedro Ulloa—Noruena—Cordova—Putapichion attacks Fort of Nativity—Cordova ravages the Indian country—Governor La Vega carries on war against the Araucanians for ten years—The Dutch—Sir James Narborough—The Marquis of Baides—Treaty of Quillin and close of the Araucanian war—Renewal of the war—Spanish governors to 1665—Second treaty of peace—Events from 1665 to close of the century—French blockade—Condition of the country
The condition of Spain—The French—Character of settlers—Captains of Friends and renewal of the Araucanian wars—The peace of Negrete—Cano—Founding of cities—Different captains-general—Establishment of the University of San Felipe—Mint—Earthquake of 1751 and the destruction of Concepcion—Amat—Failure of the attempt to compel the Araucanians to build cities—Jauregui—Conspiracy of Gramuset and Berney—Ambrosio O'Higgins—Condition of Chile at the close of the century—Expelling the Jesuits—Religious orders—Brief accounts of the administrations of different captains-general of this century to the time of the revolution
Spain at the beginning of the eighteenth century—Organization of the Juntas—The causes of the revolution—Tyranny of Spain-
ish viceroys and captains-general—Spanish monopolies—Tithes—Peculations—Tupac Amaru—Ubalde—Purnacagua—The struggle at Buenos Ayres, La Paz and Quito—The inhuman Goyeneche—The uprising at Caracas—San Martin and Belgrano—The revolution at Buenos Ayres—Royalist successes in Peru—Buenos Ayres decides to assist Chile—Progress of the war in all the colonies—Bolivar—Aim of the first Juntas
Formation of parties in Chile—Formation of the first junta—Arrest of citizens in 1810—Disposition of the captain-general—Conde de la Conquista made president—Second congress called—Doctor Rozas—Jonte's mission to Santiago—Riot in the capital quelled by Carrera—Execution of Figueroa—Trouble in the congress over representation—Seizure of Spanish officers—The Carreras compel congress to select a new junta—Jose Miguel Carrera's power—Dissolution of congress—Reaction in favor of the Spanish party—Banishment of Rozas—High-handed measures of the Carreras—The viceroy, Abascal, dispatches Pareja to Chile with an army—Attacks at Yerbas Buenas and San Carlos—Patriot successes—O'Higgins and Mackenna—The royalists besieged in Chillan—Sanchez—O'Higgins given the chief command—Capture of the Carreras—Arrival of Gainza—Attack at Membrillar—Gainza retires to Talca—Lastra named supreme director—Arrival of Captain Hilliar and treaty of Lircay—Founding of the public library, the national institution and other schools—The first newspaper
The Carreras abolish the office of supreme director—Party dissensions—Arrival of Osorio to reinforce Gainza—Defeat at Cachapoal and Rancagua—Consternation of the patriots—Flight to Mendoza—Osorio restores the authority of Spain—Banishment of citizens—San Bruno and Marco, their infamous
acts—San Martin organizes an army at Mendoza—Rodriguez
harasses the Spaniards—The passage of the Andes—Battle of Chacabuco and defeat of the royalists—San Martin enters Santiago—Bernardo O'Higgins named supreme director—Confiscations—Skirmishes in the south
Abascal sends another army to Chile under Osorio—Unsuccessful siege of Talcahuano—Osorio advances toward the capital—Independence of Chile formally declared—Skirmishes at Talca and Cancha Rayada—Rout of the patriot army—Rodriguez rallies the patriots in the capital—Reorganization of the patriot army—Details of the battle of Maypo—San Martin returns to Buenos Ayres—Execution of the Carreras—Murder of Manuel Rodriguez—The war in the south—Benavides
Efforts in forming a navy—Capture of the "Maria Isabel"—Arrival of Lord Cochrane—Departure of the Chilean fleet to Peru—Attack and repulse at Callao—Unimportant naval operations—Cochrane chases the "Prueba"—Capture of Valdivia by Lord Cochrane
O'Higgins as supreme director—San Martin's appointees—Efforts to fit out the Peruvian expedition—The purpose of the expedition—Colonel Arenales marches a detachment into the interior—Armistice and diplomatic efforts—Cochrane captures the "Esmeralda"—San Martin establishes his headquarters at Huara—Defection of the Peruvian Numancia regiment—San Martin's conciliatory policy—Lord Cochrane's exploits in the south—The second armistice—San Martin enters Lima—Proclamation of independence—San Martin assumes control of the government—San Martin and Bolivar both seek to possess Guayaquil—Monteagudo—San Martin resigns—Ayacucho and the last battles of the war
Disputes concerning tariffs, and Lord Cochrane's measures to collect duties—Execution of the outlaw, Vicente Benavides—Assembling of congress—Party machinations—Official corruption—Revolt of Concepcion and Coquirabo—O'Higgins is asked to resign—Arrival of General Freire in the capital—He becomes supreme director—Review of O'Higgins' administration
Freire's rule — Doings of the congress — The new tariff — The first
constitution — Freire's unsuccessful expedition to Chilo^ — Dis-
satisfaction and demoralization — Dissolution of the senate and
setting aside of the constitution — Freire's efforts to build a
navy — Cienfuegos, Muzi and Ferreti — First troubles with
the church — Financial difficulties — Revival of the estancos —
Political excitement and attempted assassinations — Congress
dissolved — Troubles in the new congress — Political parties —
Freire's second expedition to Chilo^ — Defeat of the royalists
and the incorporation of Chilo^ into the republic, — Attempts
to form a confederacy — Freire first president, Pinto vice-presi-
dent — Freire resigns — Pinto assumes the office of president —
The last acts of the congress — Troubles with the Araucanians
— Difficulty between a British officer and a Chilean — Assem-
bling of congress — Further efforts to draft a constitution — Pin-
to resigns — Party agitations
201
CHAPTER II — The conservatives in power — prieto and
PORTALES — freire's REVOLUTION EXPEDITION AGAINST PERU
THE BATTLE OF YUNGAY
Political changes and disturbances — Revolution started by Prieto
— Junta formed and congress called — Vicuna, Tagle, Ovalle,
Portales — Deplorable condition of the country — The battle of
Lircay — Bulnes dispatched against the Pincheiras — The con-
stitution of 1833 — Freire captured and banished — Santa Cruz
• — Affairs in Peru and Bolivia — War with the confederation of
Peru and Bolivia — Death of Portales — Defeat of Santa Cruz —
Distinguished scholars — Educational matters — William Wheel-
right, and the first steamers — Church dignitaries — Markets and
finances . , . . . 216
CHAPTER III — The administrations of presidents bulnes and
MONTT — THE CIVIL WAR OF 1859
Bulnes' cabinet — University at Santiago — Bello— Literature, xvi CONTENTS
science and art — State institutions — Mines — Colonists — Debt —
Punta Arenas — Repressive measures of the conservatives —
Political societies — Manuel Montt — Urriola's insurrection —
Revolution headed by General Cruz — Battle of Loncomilla —
Defeat of the revolutionists — Material advancement — Various
lawfs — Education — The policy of Montt and Varas — Second
term — Troubles in the church — Party changes — Renewed insur-
rections — Civil war of 1859 — The elections . . 227
CHAPTER IV — The adminisJ'ration of president perez — out-
break OF THE ARAUCANIANS CHURCH QUESTIONS THE WAR
WITH SPAIN
Perez forms a ministry of moderate liberals and conservatives —
His policy — Guentecol — M. de Tounans as King Antoine I —
Doings of congress — England claims damages — Catastrophe in
a Jesuit church — Railway opened between Santiago and Val-
paraiso — Measures to aid colonization — Exciting debates upon
religious questions — Cause of the war with Spain — Ports
blockaded — Naval operations — Bombardment of Valparaiso —
Efforts to arrange treaty of peace — Immigration — Skirmishes
with the Araucanians — Attempted impeachment of the supreme
court — Political reforms — Treaty with the Argentine Republic
— Agricultural exhibition . . " . . 237
CHAPTER V — The administration of president errazuriz
Elections — Active canvass of church questions — Reformatory
measures passed by congress — Circulating libraries — Party dif-
ferences — The Patagonian and Bolivian boundary questions —
Earthquakes — Coal fields — Loans negotiated — Railroads 255
CHAPTER VI — The administration of president pinto
Political agitations — Pinto, Amunategui, Mackenna — Pinto's cab-
inet — Boundary disputes — Financial difiSculties — Paper money
— Failure of crops — Nitrates and minerals — Statistical items —
Schools — Disputes in respect to church questions — Taforo —
The Roman delegate — The civil marriage law . . . 263 CONTENTS
PART IV
THE WAR WITH PERU AND BOLIVIA
CHAPTER I — The beginning of the war
Causes of the war — The Chileans take possession of Antofagasta
— Skirmish at Calama — Peru seeks to arbitrate — The armies —
The navies — The Army of the South formed at Iquique — Naval
operations — Bombardment of Pisagua . . 272
CHAPTER II — Naval battles — prat and grau
President Prado sails south with the Peruvian fleet to take com-
mand of the army — President Daza of Bolivia arrives with
troops — Captain Grau attacks the " Esmeralda " and " Cova-
donga " — Loss of the " Independencia " — The "Huascar"
sinks the "Esmeralda" — Heroic death of Captain Prat — Other
naval operations and engagements— Changes of Chilean officers
— Gallant act of Lieutenant Diez — Battle between the
"Huascar" and the "Cochrane" — Death of brave Captain
Grau ... ... 280
CHAPTER III — The war in the south — pisagua, san francisco,
TARAPACA PERU loses DESERT PROVINCES
Description of the desert provinces — Forces in Tarapaca — Cap-
ture of Pisagua — Cavalry action at Jeramia — Army manoeuvres
— Battle of San Francisco — Defeat of the allies and evacuation
of Iquique — Battle of Tarapaca — Ports blockaded — Pierola
heads a revolt in Lima, Campero in La Paz — Operations along
the coast — Attempts of Peruvians to destroy Chilean vessels —
Callao blockaded . . 289
CHAPTER IV — The occupation of moquega, tacna and arica
— NAVAL operations — THE ADVANCE UPON LIMA — FIRST ATTEMPT
TO ARRANGE A TREATY
The battle at Los Angeles — Revolt headed by Colonel Silva
against Campero — Cavalry action at Locumba — The battle of
Tacna — Assault of Arica — Further attempts made by Peruvians
to blow up Chilean men-of-war — Lynch's expedition — Naval xviii CONTENTS
engagements at Callao — Failure to arrange treaty of peace —
Pierola turns over the government to La Puerta • • 298
CHAPTER V — The battles of choeillos and miraflores—
OCCUPATION OF LIMA AND CALLAO ESTABLISHING A
GOVERNMENT
Peruvian army at the capital — Active preparations for the defence
of Lima — Movements of the Chilean troops — The battles — Acts
of vandalism — Burning of Miraflores — Mob rule — Calderon
selected as provisional president — Skirmishes in the interior —
Caceres — Failure to effect treaty of peace — Pinto's admin-
istration . . 309
CHAPTER VI — The administration of president santa maria
Active political canvass — The liberals divided — Two conventions
— Baquedano a candidate — Pinto favors Santa Maria — Santa
Maria's cabinet — The war in Peru — Continued skirmishing in
the interior — Caceres defeated at Huamachuco — Engagement
at Huancayo — Peruvian officers submit to Lynch — Treaty
signed — Iglesias made president of Peru — The terms of the
treaty — Expense of the war — Chile's gain of territory — Bitter
disputes with the church — Turbulence caused by church ques-
tions and legislation relating thereto — New laws and public
improvements . . 318
PART V
BALMACEDA AND THE CIVIL WAR OF '91
CHAPTER I — President balmaceda — material progress
Turbulence in elections — Opposition to the liberals — Reforms —
Railroads and public improvements — The gathering storm . 329
CHAPTER II— The revolt
The constitution — Congress opposes the president — Party oppo-
sition — Changes of ministries and votes of censure — The Con-
stitutional Committee calls a congress — Balmaceda issues a
manifesto — The Supreme Court declares his acts illegal
Naval officers declare for congress, the army adheres to the CONTENTS xix
cause of the president— The congressional fleet — Captain Montt
takes the ' ' Huascar " out of Valparaiso harbor — The con-
gressionalists proceed to Iquique — Skirmish at Zapiga — Pisagua
captured and bombarded — Defeat of Colonel Robles — Fight
at Huarez — Iquique taken by Colonel Soto, who subsequently
surrenders it — Impressments — Defeat of Robles at Pozo al
Monte . . , 333
CHAPTER III — Balmaceda's position — naval operations
The opposing forces — The Tarapaca nitrate fields — The ap-
proaching elections — Claudio Vicuna — The parliamentary presi-
dent — General view of the struggle — Various naval engage-
ments — Sinking the ' ' Blanco Encalada " — Exploits of the
torpedo-catchers, " Condell " and "Lynch" . 345
CHAPTER IV — Triumph of the revolution — the affair of the
BALTIMORE SAILORS
The government's forces — The new congress — Elections — Dia-
bolical plots — The opposition army embarks for Quintero —
The landing — Consternation — The battle of Concon, or Colmo
— Balmaceda's efforts to bring forward a new army — Movements
of the respective armies — The battle of Placilla — Defeat of the
Balmacedist army — Flight of government officers — The affair
of the "Lynch" — Wild scenes iu Valparaiso — Riotous acts in
Santiago — Suicide of Balmaceda — Formation of a new govern-
ment — Jorje Montt elected president — Claudio Vicuna in Paris
Feeling between the United States and Chile — The real cause
of the difficulty — Attack upon the sailors by a Valparaiso mob —
The victims — Diplomatic correspondence — Settlement of the
affair . . . . .... 336
PART VI
CHILE OF TO-DAY
CHAPTER I — The people of chile
Charactei- of the people — Tastes and habits — Scholars — Liberals
and conservatives — Social traits — The ladies — Church-going — XX CONTENTS
Santiago and Valparaiso society — The English in Chile — The
Germans — Peons, their habits, dress and manner of living —
Wakes — The Indian population — Character and habits of the
Araucanians — Their huts, marriage, customs, religion, super-
stitions, manners — Patagonian tribes — People of the extreme
south ........... 372
CHAPTER II — Extent and resources
Boundaries and extent — Geography of the country — Climate —
Rains — Rivers — Lakes — Crops — Grape culture — Irrigation —
The southern districts — Forests — Immigration — Hardships en-
countered by immigrants — Coal mines — Manufactures — Nitrate
works — Minerals — Mines , , . . 386
CHAPTER III— Natural history
Physical divisions of the country — Mountains — Deserts — Valley
and coast country — Lakes — Character of streams — Earth-
quakes — Destruction of Concepcion — Harbors — Islands —
Straits of Magellan — Juan Fernandez — Animals, reptiles, fish
and birds — Forests — Plants — Vegetables — Fruits . . 398
CHAPTER IV — Railroads — army and navy — educational
MATTERS
Government ownership of railroads — Cost of same — Different
lines in operation — The Transandine Railway — Other Traus-
andine lines projected — Private lines — Military schools — The
army — National Guard — The navy — Naval officers — Commer-
cial fleet — Pacific Steam Navigation Company — Subsidies — Ed-
ucation — Instructions in the capital — Lyceums — National
library — Painting, music, science . , 409
CHAPTER V — Cities and government
The cities of Chile and their population — Description .of Santi-
ago, Valparaiso, Concepcion and other places — Political parties
— Character of the government — The president — Intendentes —
Governors — Sub-delegates — Courts — Congress — Deputies — Po-
litical divisions of the country ... . . 418
APPENDIX
Provinces and capitals — Debt, receipts and expenditures — Banks
—Money . 423
Constitution of Chile ... . 425
Authorities for the History of Chile ... . 456
Index 455 ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Bernardo O'Higgins, . . . Frontispiece
Jose de San Martin, . ... 133
Manuel Blanco Encalada, ... . .179
Railroad Bridge between Santiago and Valparaiso, . 241
Houses of Congress, . 263
Jos^ Manuel Balmaceda, . . . 329
The Plaza Victoria, Valparaiso, . 363
A Private Residence in Santiago, . . 377
Plaza del Armas, Santiago, . . 418
MAPS
General Map of Chile, . . . .21
Battle of Tacna, . . .299
Closing Battles of the War of i8gi . . -359
