American Diplomacy in the Orient/Index
INDEX
Acteon affair, at Honolulu, 121.
Adams, English pilot, in Japan, 8.
Adams, John Quincy, on treatment of Napier by Chinese, 63; on the Opium War, 73; suggested for Chinese Mission, 78; on Christian missions in Hawaiian Islands, 107.
Allen, Dr. H. N., reception of, in Korea, 329; American minister to Korea, 329.
American Board of Foreign Missions, sends missionaries to Hawaii, 106; expenditures of, in Hawaii, 109.
Amherst, Lord, sent as ambassador to China (1815), 25.
Angell, Dr. James B., one of commission to negotiate immigration treaty with China, 294; American minister to China, 295.
Annam, Roberts sent on mission to, 46; Roberts's embassy at, 48.
Annexation. Vancouver's attempted, of Hawaiian Islands, 112; of Hawaiian Islands attempted by Lord Paulet, 124; provisional, of Hawaii to United States (1851), 130; of Formosa and Lew Chew Islands by United States proposed, 229; of Hawaii to United States indicated (1850–1860), 365; of Hawaii, Secretary Marcy directs American minister to propose, 366; treaty of, negotiated with Hawaii, 366; to United States, Lord Palmerston declares to be destiny of Hawaii, 368; treaty negotiated between Hawaii and United States February, 1893, 377; treaty of, with Hawaii, (1893), withdrawn by President Cleveland, 378; treaty between Hawaii and United States negotiated in 1897, 381; Japanese opposition to, of Hawaii to United States, 382; joint resolution for, to United States signed July, 1898, 383; reason for, of Hawaii to United States, 384; of Philippine Islands by United States, 405; text of joint resolution of Congress for the, of Hawaii, 463.
Apia, American squadron destroyed by hurricane at, 392.
Arrow War, cause of, 223; views of British statesmen as to, 224; views of United States ministers as to, 225.
Atlantic cable, one of messages over, in 1858, announced peace in China, 245.
Audience, by Dutch officials at Yedo, 14; Ismailoff's, with Chinese emperor, 20; Lord Macartney's, with Chinese emperor, 23.
Audience question, raised on Ward's arrival at Peking, 249; prolonged discussion of, 250; in China again raised, 269; temporary settlement of, in 1873, 270; again raised in China, in 1891, 270; points involved in, 271; settlement of, 271; finally settled by peace agreement between China and allies in 1901, 431.
Aulick, Commodore, selected to command Japan expedition, 146; recalled from Japan expedition, 147; disagreement of, with Minister Marshall, 206.
Balestier, J., commissioner to negotiate treaty with Borneo, 142.
Baranoff, governor of Russian America, attempts annexation of Hawaiian Islands, 112.
Barrier Forts, American naval force fires upon, 226.
Berlin Act, substance of, regarding Samoa, 394.
Berlin Samoan Conference, 393.
Biddle, Commodore, enters Bay of Yedo, 1846, 143.
Blount, J. H., commissioner to investigate Hawaiian revolution and conditions, 378.
Bogue Forts fire on British squadron, 62.
Borneo, Balestier negotiates treaty with sultan of, 142.
Bowring, Sir John, British governor of Hongkong, 215; course pursued by, in relation to Lorcha Arrow, 223; linguist and hymnologist, 223.
Boxers, outbreak of, in China, 408; meaning of name, I Ho Tuan or, 408; origin of, 409; cause of uprising of, 409; missions, not chief cause of uprising of, in China, 412; most potent cause of uprising of, political, 414; proclamation of empress dowager favorable to, 416; progress of uprising of, 417; attack railroad stations, 419; aimed to drive out foreigners and not Christians particularly, 421; Chinese government sympathizes with, and gives aid to, 421; question of punishment of leaders of, in peace negotiations, 428.
Bridgman, Rev. E. C., American missionary and editor of Chinese Repository, 3; secretary of Cushing embassy, 79.
British East India Company, see East India Company.
Burke, Edmund, on American whale fishery, 102.
Burlingame, Anson, career of, 257; appointed American minister to China, 258; arrives in China, 258; secures adoption of "a policy of coöperation," 258; appointed Chinese envoy to Western powers, 203; character and conduct of, as Chinese envoy, 264; death of, 264; Blaine's opinion of, 267.
Burlingame embassy, constitution of, 263; reception of, in United States and Europe, 264; object of, 265; result of, treaty of 1868 with United States, 265.
California. Chinese laborers arrive in, 282; influence of development of, on Hawaiian industries, 365, 368, 370; opposition in, to Chinese immigration, 285.
Canton, attacked by Capt. Weddel (1635), 5; Chinese ports closed except, 7; foreign women excluded from, 19; Krusenstern's attempt to trade at, 21; only port open to British trade, 24; first American vessel arrives at, 27; Shaw, first American consul at, 32; conduct of trade at, 33; exchange of prisoners by United States and Great Britain at, 39; foreign factories at, 41; embarassments of trade at, 43; treatment of Roberts's embassy at, 47; conditions of trade at, 56; Lord Napier at, 57; English trade stopped at, 62; British troops stationed in factories at, 62; Napier withdraws from, 62; execution of Chinese opium dealer at, 67; factories at, closed to stop opium trade, 69; ransomed from assault during Opium War, 70; Americans indemnified for injuries during Opium War, 74; riot at, over weather-vane of American consul, 91; riot at, during negotiation of Cushing treaty, 92; enlargement of factories at, 95; residence of foreign representatives outside walls of, 96; bombardment and capture of, by British (1856), 223; Americans charged with participating in British attack on, 227; looting of palaces in, by British, 228; sack of, by allies (1857), 233.
Carrington, Edward, American consular agent at Canton, 39.
Carysfort affair at Hawaii, 124.
Chang Chih Tung, viceroy, author of book on reforms for China, 417.
Chang Yen Huan, one of Chinese peace commissioners sent to Japan, 339; biographical note on, 339.
Charlton, Richard, British consul-general to Hawaiian Islands, 113; appeals to Lord Paulet to enforce claims against Hawaii, 124.
Charter oath, taken by Mikado, 199.
China, early relations of, with Japan, 2; early relations of, with the West, 2; Dutch squadron arrives off coast of, 4; first European vessel to, 4; Portuguese outrages in, 4; British vessels arrive in (1635), 5; cause of antipathy to foreigners by, 6; early missionaries to, 6; early relations of, with Spain, 6; ports of, closed, except Canton, 7; European attempts during 17th and 18th centuries to trade with, 16 ; treaty of 1689, with Russia, 17; war between Russia and, 17th century, 17; Russian ambassadors of 1693 and 1719 to, 18; treaty of 1727, with Russia, 21; early trade of Russia with, 21; British trade with, during 18th century, 22; Macartney embassy to, 22; King of England in 1795 sends presents to emperor of, 24; Amherst embassy to (1815), 25; first American vessel arrives in, 27; American trade with, 30; fur trade with, 31; Shaw, first American consul in, 32; profits of, 37; relaxation of trade regulations in, 41; better position of United States politically in, 44; use of opium in, 64; Opium War between Great Britain and, 70; treaty between Great Britain and (1842), 71; grants Americans equal commercial relations with British, 75; Cushing mission to, 79; treaty of Wang Hiya (1844) between United States and, 86; exterritoriality first applied in, 92; treaty between France and (1844), 95; isthmus of Panama, bulwark of independence of, 133; projected steamship line between San Francisco and, 146; Davis, United States commissioner to, 204; Marshall, United States commissioner to; 205; Yeh, high commissioner of, 205; attempts of Marshall to secure interview with commissioner of, 205; E-liang receives President's letter from Marshall for delivery to emperor of, 206; Taiping Rebellion in, 208; services rendered to, by Gen. Ward and his "Ever Victorious Army," 212; McLane succeeds Marshall as minister to, 213; McLane's treatment by high commissioner of, 214; determination of foreign ministers to, to proceed to Peiho and renew demands, 216; arrival of foreign ministers to, at mouth of Peiho, 216; opposition of, to treaty revision, 217; reception of foreign ministers by commissioner of, on banks of Peiho, 217; commissioner of, without plenary powers, 217; failure of conference relative to revision of treaties with, 218; McLane urges a more vigorous policy in, 218; American merchants at Shanghai pay duties to, 218; Parker chargé of United States in, 219; neutrality of United States during Taiping Rebellion in, 220; Dr. Parker appointed commissioner to, 221; attempts of Parker to secure revision of treaty with, 221; return by viceroy at Shanghai of President's letter to emperor of, with seals broken, 222; the Arrow War between Great Britain and, 223; American surveying party fired upon near Canton, 225; attack on forts near Canton, by Americans, 226; Yeh excuses firing on surveying party near Canton, 226; charge of participation by Americans in British attack on Canton, 227; British campaign in, delayed by Sepoy Rebellion, 228; looting of palaces in Canton, by British, 228; plan of Minister Parker to avoid war in, 229; conservative policy of United States in relation to, 229; Reed succeeds Parker as United States minister to, 231; instructed to coöperate with powers in peaceful efforts, 231; United States could not make war against, without authority of Congress, 232; Lord Elgin, British, and Baron Gros, French representative in, 232; sack of Canton, by allies, 283; war by England and France (1857) against, 233; Reed fails to secure interview with high commissioner of, 233; disappointment of Elgin and Gros at United States' policy toward, 233; attitude of Russia toward, 234; Reed advocates strong measures in dealing with, 234; foreign ministers unite in demanding revision of treaties, 235; attitude of United States as to coercive measures with, 236; refuses to allow foreign ministers to directly communicate with court, 236; foreign ministers to, proceed to the Peiho, 236; foreign ministers from Peiho demand appointment of plenipotentiaries by, 237; foreign ministers proceed to Tientsin, 238; Taku forts of, taken by assault, 238; treaties of 1858 negotiated, 238; Lord Elgin's coercive measures in securing treaty with, 241; provisions of treaties of 1858 with, 242; relative to toleration of Christianity in, 243; trade and tariff regulations negotiated and settlement of claims against, 243; United States returns part of Canton Indemnity Fund to, 244; Dr. Williams, chargé of United States legation in, 244; Ward, minister to, 245; foreign ministers arrive at Peiho on way to exchange ratifications with, 246; exchange of Russian treaty with, 246; Ward delayed in exchange of ratifications with, 246; battle of the Peiho and repulse of allies by, 247; allied forces retire to Shanghai after defeat by, 248; Ward conducted to Peking by direction of emperor of, 249; audience question prevents exchange of ratifications with, 251; Ward leaves Peking without exchanging ratifications with, 252; Ward retires as minister to, 253; Williams, chargé of American legation in, 253; unattractiveness of mission to, 253; Elgin and Gros return to, in 1860, with large force, 254; allies capture Taku forts and march to Peking, 254; result of war between Great Britain and France and, 254; Tsung-li Yamen established to conduct foreign affairs of, 257; Burlingame appointed American minister to, 258; adoption of "a policy of coöperation," by foreign ministers to, 258; forbids entrance of Confederate cruisers into its ports, 259; progress of, in Western learning, 261; Burlingame appointed envoy of, to Western powers, 263; Burlingame embassy of, 263; return of embassy to, on death of Burlingame, 264; treaty between United States and (1868), 265; riots against missionaries at Tientsin, in 1870, 268; regency of empress dowager ceases, 268; audience question again raised in, 269, 270; laborers imported into Hawaii from, for sugar plantations, 271; youths sent to United States from, to be educated, 272; coolie trade of, 275; indifference of government of, to coolie trade, 277; commission sent by, to investigate condition of coolies in Cuba, 279; congressional consideration of immigration from, 286; commission sent to, to secure modification of treaty as to Chinese immigration, 294; treaty between United States and (1880), relative to immigration, 294; United States prohibits opium trade by treaty with, 295; Great Britain declines to entertain proposal of, to suppress opium trade, 297; treaty between United States and (1888), negotiated but not finally ratified, 300; treaty between United States and (1894), 302; attitude of, in regard to Chinese immigration, 306; early relations of Korea with, 307; disclaims control over Korea, 320; interdicts Korea from sending minister to United States, 327; inconsistent attitude of, toward Korea, 328; United States opposes and ignores attitude of, as to Korean ministers, 329; opposes Japanese attempt to secure influence in Korea, 332; rivalry of, and Japan in Korea causes war of 1894, 332; war of 1894 between Japan and, see Chinese-Japanese War; places interests of its subjects in Japan in hands of United States, 335; cession to Japan by, of Liaotung Peninsula, Formosa, and Pescadores islands, 340; treaty of peace between Japan and (1895), 340; part taken by Americans in peace negotiations between Japan and, 341; Gen. Grant aids in settling dispute between Japan and, covering Lew Chew Islands, 350; Russia, Germany, and France combine in favor of, after war with Japan, 361; troubles in, closely following cession of Philippines to United States, 407; Boxer outbreak in, 408; anti-foreign sentiment in, 409; classes of foreigners in, 409; missionary movement in, 409; progress of Christianity in, 410; anti- Christian riots in, 410; usefulness of missionaries socially and politically in, 411; missions not chief cause of Boxer uprising, 412; effect of Western commerce on industries of, 412; construction of railroads in, a cause of anti-foreign feeling, 413; foreign commercial invasion of, 413; political aggressions in, most potent in causing Boxer uprising, 414; seizure of territory of, by Germany and Russia, 414; leases Wei-hai-wei to Great Britain, 415; France secures territorial concessions in southern provinces of, 415; progress of Boxer uprising in, 417; reforms attempted by emperor of, 417; emperor of, practically dethroned and reformers punished, 418; increase of anti-foreign sentiment in, 418; allies attack Taku forts in, 419; Boxers in, seize railroad stations, 419; German minister to, murdered by Boxers, 419; repulse of relief column on march to Peking, 419; siege of legations in Peking, 419; empress dowager and government of, in sympathy with Boxers, 421; change of policy of United States in sending troops to, 422; circular note of July 3, 1900, as to intentions of United States in, 423; Rockhill, special commissioner to, 424; appoints Li Hung Chang and Prince Ching peace plenipotentiaries, 424; four important declarations by powers relating to, 425; United States desires, to punish Boxer leaders, not to surrender them to allies, 425; Anglo-German agreement in regard to, 426; French propositions, basis of peace negotiations with, 426; took no part in punitive expeditions in, 426; joint note of powers to, containing twelve demands, 427; question of punishment of Boxer leaders, in negotiations with, 428; Rockhill assumes conduct of negotiations with, on departure of Conger, 428; question of indemnity to be paid by, in peace negotiations, 429; United States favors lump sum indemnity from, 429; peace agreement signed by, and allies September 7, 1901, 430 ; provisions of peace agreement with, 430; indemnities to be paid by, 430; influence of United States in peace negotiations between powers and, 431; circular note of United States favoring "open door" policy in, 432; United States favors view of, in rate of exchange on indemnity payments, 433; place of, in world politics, 434; Wensiang and. Sir Robert Hart on latent powers of, 434; Russia, the power most feared by, 436; text of peace, agreement between powers and (September 7, 1901), 441; text of treaty on immigration between United States and (1894), 450.
China trade, conduct of America, 30; increase of, 36; congressional legislation relating to, 38; affected by war of 1812, 39; vexatious conditions of, 56; withdrawal of monopoly of East India Company over, 57; Lord Napier, chief superintendent of British, 57.
Chinese, view of foreigners, 43; assumed contempt for trade, 60; contempt of, for foreigners, 203.
Chinese emigration, in early times, 274; causes of, 274. See also Coolie Trade; Coolies.
Chinese exclusion, congressional committee favors, 287; opposed by Senator Morton, 289; bill passed by Congress favoring, vetoed by President Hayes, 293; bill passed by Congress on, vetoed by President Arthur, 299; limitation on, in treaty of 1880, as to laborers in United States, 300; provisions of treaty of 1888 relative to, 300; Scott Act relating to, 301; presidential election of 1888 and, 301; treaty of 1894 relative to, 302; increased sentiment in United States in favor of, 302; bill introduced in 57th Congress for, 302; debate upon, in 57th Congress, 303; bill for, in 57th Congress defeated, 304; change of public opinion in United States, since 1868, in regard to, 305.
Chinese immigration, to United States commences, 282; Burlingame treaty on, 282; opposition in California to, 285; Californian legislation against, unconstitutional, 286; congressional committee to investigate, 286; majority report of committee against, 287; report of committee on, 287; Morton's report favorable to, 289; bill restricting, vetoed by President, 293; treaty of 1880 relative to, 294; commission sent to China to secure restriction of, 294; treaty provision for regulation of, by United States, 295; text of treaty of United States (1894) relating to, 450. See also Chinese Emigration; Chinese Exclusion; Coolie Trade; Coolies.
Chinese-Japanese War, origin of, 332; efforts of United States to prevent, 333; United States declines to join in intervention to prevent, 334; China and Japan place interest of their subjects in other countries in hands of United States, 335; two Japanese spies at Shanghai, during, 335; Great Britain again proposes joint intervention in, 337; Japanese successes in, 337; United States declines to join powers in intervention, 337; Japan declines to accede to advice of United States to stop, 338; United States becomes medium of communication between belligerents in, looking toward peace, 339; Chinese peace commission sent to Hiroshima, during, 339; end of war, 340; Japanese dismiss the Chinese peace commission, 340; Wei-hai-wei captured by Japanese, 340; results of, 341; effect of, on international relations of Japan, 360; effect of, on Chinese feeling toward foreigners, 413.
Chinese merchants, integrity of, 34.
Ching, Prince, appointed plenipotentiary to negotiate peace with allies, 424.
Chinese Repository (footnote), 3.
Chosen, see Korea.
Choshiu, prince of, rebels against Shogun and closes strait of Shimonoseki, 192.
Christianity, in Japan, 9; hostility of Japanese government to, 200; in Japan at time treaties were made, 200; United States protests against hostility of Japanese government to Christianity, 200; provision in Chinese treaty of 1858 relative to toleration of, 243; first effort to introduce, into Korea, 309; progress of, in China, 410.
Christian missions, see Missions; Missionaries.
Christians, prosecution of, in Japan, 11; insulting treatment of, in Japan, 145; persecution of, in Korea, 309.
Clayton, John M., negotiates for United States treaty with Hawaii, 128.
Cochin-China, see Annam.
Co-hong at Canton, 34; system of, abolished, 77.
Columbia River, discovery of, 99.
Commerce, of the East with the West, 2; restrictions on, of modern origin, 2; exposed condition of American, in Pacific, 45; unprotected state of American, 46; assumed contempt of Chinese officials for, 60; increase of American, in Pacific, 135; the principal object of Christian nations with the East, 412.
Comprador, 35.
Confederate cruisers, interfere with whaling industry, 105; forbidden entrance to Chinese ports, 259.
Conger, Edward H., United States minister, conducts peace negotiations with China after Boxer uprising, 427; success of, in conducting affairs in China, 428.
Consular courts, see Exterritoriality.
Coolies, treatment of, in Peru and Cuba, 276; in Peru petition American legation for aid, 278. See also Coolie Trade.
Coolie trade, origin and evils of, 275; horrors of, 276; indifference of Chinese government to, 277; proclamamation of gentry of Amoy against, 277; Chinese commission investigates, with Cuba, 279; legislation against, 280; relations of Americans to, 281. See also Chinese Emigration; Chinese Exclusion; Coolies.
Copper trade of Japan with Europe, 8.
Corea, see Korea.
Creasy, predicts opening of Japan by United States, 134.
Cuba, treatment of Chinese coolies in, 276 ; Chinese commission investigates condition of coolies in, 279; intolerable condition of affairs in, 400.
Cushing, Caleb, selected for Chinese mission, 79; Webster's letter of instructions to, 80; negotiates treaty of Wang Hiya, 86; on exterritoriality, 88; Chinese criticism of, 90, 92; biographical sketch of, 94.
Cushing embassy, personnel of, 79; President's letter to emperor of China carried by, 81; arrival of, at Macao, 82; departure of, from China, 93.
Dana, Richard H., on Christian missions in Hawaiian Islands, 107.
Davis, C. K., one of American commissioners to negotiate peace with Spain, 403.
Davis, John W., United States commissioner to China, 96, 204; career of, 205.
Day, W. R., one of American commissioners to negotiate peace with Spain, 403.
De Long, C. E., American minister, accompanies Iwakura embassy to United States, 346.
De Tocqueville, on United States as a world power, 135.
De Tromelin, Admiral, supports demands of French consul at Honolulu, 129.
Delano, Captain, visits Hawaiian Islands, 101.
Denby, Charles, minister to China, on audience question, 272; opinion of, on Chinese exclusion, 304; favorable comment of, on missionaries in China, 412; on Dr. Martin, 420.
Deshima, Dutch factory at, 11; description of island of, 12; foreign women excluded from, 19.
Dewey, Admiral, effect of victory of, at Manila Bay on policy of United States, 400; qualities of, as diplomatist, 400.
Diplomatic officers, relations between naval officers and, 207.
Dole, S. B., president of Hawaiian provisional government, 377.
Dolphin affair at Honolulu, 116.
Dutch, squadron arrives off Chinese coast (1622), 4; occupy Pescadores Islands, 4; colony on Formosa, 5; reach Japan (1600), 7; allowed to have factory at Deshima, 11; trade with Japan at Deshima, 12; officials' audience at Yedo, 14.
Dutch East India Company, Deshima, 14; charters American vessel to visit Japan, 136.
East India Company, British, control of China trade, 22; withdrawal of monopoly of, over China trade, 57; opium trade of, with China, 64; attempt to open commerce with Korea, 308.
Elgin, Lord, negotiates treaty with Japan (1858), 183; opinion of Arrow War, 224; British representative in China, 232; coercive measures of, in securing treaty with China, 241.
E-liang, Viceroy, receives Commissioner Marshall and accepts President's letter to emperor, 206.
Embassy, Chinese, to Western nations (1420), 3; Portuguese, to China (1517), 4; from Japanese princes visits Pope, 9; Macartney, to China, 22; of Lord Amherst to China (1815), 25; of Edmund Roberts (1832), 46; Cushing, to China, 79; French, arrival of, at Canton, 80; Macartney, secretaries of, 109; Amherst, Morrison, secretary of, 110; Roberts, J. R. Morrison interpreter of, 110; from Japan to United States (1860), 184; from Korea to the United States, 326; Burlingame, of China to the Western powers, 263; Japanese, of 1872, to the United States and Europe, 345; Hawaiian, to Samoa, 374.
"Ever Victorious Army," organized and led by General Ward, 212; decisive influence of, on Taiping Rebellion, 212; Colonel Gordon succeeds General Ward in command of, 212.
Everett, Alexander H., United States commissioner to China, 96; letters of credence to Japan given, 142.
Exclusion of Chinese, see Chinese Exclusion.
Exclusive policy of China strengthened, 64.
Expansion, of United States in the Pacific prophesied, 135; United States intended no, at commencement of Spanish War, 399; Seward prophesies, of United States, 401.
Exterritoriality, in treaty of Wang Hiya, 87; principle of, 87; origin of, 88; first application of, in China, 92; not reserved by United States in first treaty with Hawaii, 114; limited in treaty between Korea and United States, 325; in Japanese treaties, 344; injustice of practice of, in Japan, 354; partiality shown by consuls in Japan in practice of, 354; extreme application of, in Japan in regard to postal service and quarantine, 355; proposed modification of, in Japan, 358; abolished in Japan, 363.
Eye (Superintendent), 59.
Factories, foreign, at Canton, 42.
Feudal system of Japan abolished, 199.
Filibustering, prevalence of, in United States, 365.
Foote, Lucius H., United States minister to Korea, 326.
Formosa, Dutch colony on, 5; Minister Parker suggests occupation of, by United States, 229; cession of, by China to Japan, 340.
France, early relations of, with Siam, 46; treaty between China and (1844), 95; threatens independence of Hawaiian Islands (1839), 119; demands of, on Hawaii, 120; Hawaiian independence recognized by Great Britain and, 124; difficulties of Hawaii with, 129; Judd sent as special Hawaiian commissioner to, 129; sends special commissioner to Hawaii (1850), 130; treaty between Japan and (1858), 183; war against China by England and (1857), 233; treaty between China and (1858), 238, 242; naval expedition of, to Korea, 309; naval expedition of, forced to retire from Korea, 310; treaty between Korea and (1886), 331; secures territorial concessions in southern China, 415.
Frye, W. P., one of American commissioners to negotiate peace with Spain, 403.
Fur trade, American, with China, 31; origin and growth of, 99; method of conducting, 100.
General Sherman, schooner, burned and crew killed by Koreans, 310.
Genoa, duke of, attempts to communicate with king of Korea, 322.
Germany, attempt of, to enter into negotiations with Korea, 318; treaty between Korea and (1883), 327; consul of, violates Japanese quarantine on plea of exterritorial right, 355; influence and interest of, in Samoa, 390; consul of, assumes control of Samoa, 390; high-handed course of, in Samoa, 391; seizure of Kiaochau by, 414; minister of, to China murdered by Boxers, 419; proposes China surrender to allies leaders of Boxer uprising, 425; agreement between Great Britain and, as to China, 426.
Gibson, prime minister of Hawaii, his career, 373.
Glynn, Commander, sent to Japan to demand surrender of shipwrecked Americans, 144; confers with President on opening of Japan, 146.
Grant, General U. S., note on opinion of, as to military power of Japan, 342; visit of, to japan in 1879, 350; aids in settling dispute between China and Japan concerning Lew Chew Islands, 350.
Gray, Captain, discovers Columbia River, 99.
Gray, George, one of American commissioners to negotiate peace with Spain, 403.
Great Britain, vessels of, arrive in China (1635), 5; subjects of, arrive in Japan (1613), 8; increased commercial supremacy of, during eighteenth century, 22; sends Lord Macartney as ambassador to China, 22; sends embassy to China (1815), 25; forced to surrender opium at Canton, 69; treaty between China and (1842), 71; sends consul-general to Hawaiian Islands, 113; Lord Russell compels Hawaii to negotiate treaty with, 121; Hawaiian independence recognized by France and, 124; Paulet compels cession of Hawaiian Islands to, 125; cession of Hawaiian Islands to, disavowed, 126; new treaty agreed upon by Judd commission with, 130; treaty between Japan and (1854), 166; treaty between Japan and (1858), 183; demands and secures from Japan indemnity for murder of Richardson, 189; cause of Arrow War between China and, 223; war against China by France and (1857), 233; treaty between China and (1858), 238, 242; legislation of, against coolie trade, 280; declines to entertain proposal to suppress opium trade, 297; attitude of, regarding opium trade in China, 299; futile attempt of, to open intercourse with Korea, 321; treaty between Korea and (1883), 327; leads in opposition to revision of Japanese treaties, 356; prevents revision of Japanese treaties, 359; finally favors revision of Japanese treaties, 361; treaty between Japan and (1894), as to revision of treaties, 361; attempts to secure joint guaranty of neutrality and independence of Hawaii, 372; China leases Wei-hai-wei to, 415; agreement between Germany and, as to China, 426; liberal trade policy of, in the Orient, 436; friendship between United States and, 437.
Gros, Baron, French representative in China, 232.
Gutzlaff, Dr. Charles, secretary for British government during Opium War, 110; with Morrison's voyage to Japan, 137; on British expedition to Korea, 308.
Harris, Townsend, early life and fitness of, for Japanese mission, 172; appointed consul-general to Japan, 172; arrives at Shimoda, 173; Japanese attempt to secure departure of, 173; experiences of, at Shimoda, 174; negotiates treaty between Japan and United States (1857), 175; hermit life of, at Shimoda, 175; journey of, to Yedo to deliver President's letter, 176; observance of Sunday by, 178; entrance of, into Yedo, 178; audience of Shogun by, 178; details of treaty negotiations of, with Japanese commissioners, 180; success of, in treaty negotiations, 181; Seward's remarks on retirement of, as minister, 185; Japanese appreciation of services of, 185; great diplomatic services of, 186; puzzled at relations of Mikado and Shogun, 187; opposed to exterritoriality in Japan, 352; tariff provision inserted by, in Japanese treaty, 353.
Hart, Sir Robert, services of, to China, and his treatment by Boxers, 420; views of, on the menace of China to the peace of the world, 435.
Hawaiian Islands, discovery of, 98; situation and resources of, 98; American fur traders at, 99; Vancouver visits, 100; sandalwood trade of, 101; first whale ship arrives at, 102; increase of whaling vessels at, 104; condition of, at time of discovery, 105; all under rule of Kamehameha, 106; American missionaries sent to, 106; success of Christian missions, 106; results of missionary work in, 108; commercial importance of, to United States, 111; attempts of foreign powers to secure possession of, 111; Vancouver attempts to annex, 111; Baranoff (Russian) attempts to annex, 112; first consul of United States to, 113; Charlton, British consul-general to, 113; treaty negotiated between United States and (1826), 114; lawlessness in, 114; missionary and anti-missionary parties in, 115; disgraceful proceedings of crew of Dolphin in, 116; visit of the Vincennes to, 117; relation of foreigners to local laws of, 118; France threatens independence of (1839), 119; Roman Catholic and Protestant controversy in, 119; French troops landed at, 120; treaty forced by French authorities upon (1839), 120; Lord Russell compels, to negotiate treaty with Great Britain, 121; commission sent from, to Europe and United States, 121; President's message concerning, 122; policy of United States toward, declared by Webster, 123; joint declaration of Great Britain and France recognizing independence of, 124; Lord Paulet threatens independence of, 124; Paulet compels cession of, to Great Britain, 125; proclamation of king on cession of, to Great Britain, 125; occupation of, by British forces, 125; Admiral Thomas disavows cession of, to Great Britain, 126; restoration of, to king, 126; controversy of, with United States over criminal trials, 127; treaty relations of, unsatisfactory, 127; treaty of United States with (1849), 128; difficulties of, with France, 129; Judd sent to France as special commissioner of, 129; Judd commission from, agrees upon new treaty with Great Britain, 130; special French commissioner sent to (1850), 130; provisional cession of, to United States, 130; settlement of French difficulty with, 131; Roman Catholics granted liberty in, 131; ultimate annexation of, to United States indicated, 365; fear that, might be occupied by American filibusters, 365; rapid decrease of natives in, 366; negotiation under Secretary Marcy of annexation treaty with, 366; death of Kamehameha III. during negotiation for annexation of, to United States, 367; reciprocity treaties of (1855 and 1867), with United States fail of ratification, 367; reciprocity treaty between United States and (1876), 369; territorial integrity of, secured, 369; final result of reciprocity treaty, annexation of, to United States, 370; sugar-growing in, 370; progress and prosperity of, 370; importation of Portuguese, Chinese, and Japanese into, for sugar plantations, 371; renewal of reciprocity treaty between United States and (1884), 371; transfer Pearl Harbor to United States for a naval station, 371; United States declines to join in guaranty of neutrality and independence of, 372; United States withholds approval of alliance between Samoa and, 373; ambitious schemes of Kalakaua, king of, 373; career of Gibson, prime minister of, 373; embassy from, to Samoa, 374; invited to take part in International American Conference of 1890, 374; Kalakaua dies and Liliuokalani succeeds to throne of, 375; attempted coup d'etat of queen of, in January, 1893, 376; revolution of January 16–17, 1893, in, 376; monarchy overthrown and provisional government established in, 377; treaty of annexation between United States and, negotiated February, 1893, 37 ; annexation treaty of, withdrawn by President Cleveland, 878; J. H. Blount, commissioner to investigate revolution and conditions in, 378; American minister to provisional goverment of, directed to negotiate with queen for her restoration, 378; negotiations of American minister with queen and provisional government of, 379; report of Senator Morgan on revolution in, 380; constitutional convention of, 380; republican constitution of, proclaimed July 4, 1894, 381; unexampled prosperity of, under the Republic, 381; annexation treaty between United States and, negotiated in 1897, 381; Japanese opposition to annexation of, to United States, 382; predominance of Japanese in population of, 382; joint resolution for annexation to United States passed July, 1898, 383; organized as a territory of United States, 383; reasons for annexation of, 384; text of joint resolution of Congress for annexing, 463.
Hermit Kingdom, The, see Korea.
Hong merchants at Canton, 34; relations of, with Lord Napier, 58.
Hoppo, Chinese official in charge of trade at Canton, 35.
Humboldt, on influence of Isthmus of Panama on the Far East, 133.
I Ho Tuan, see Boxers.
Ii-Kamon, Japanese chief minister of state, directs signature of Harris treaty, 182.
Immigration of Chinese, see Chinese Immigration.
Imperial College, established, 261; Dr. Martin, president of, 261.
Inouye Kaoru, Count, early visit of, to Europe, 195; one of Japanese commissioners to negotiate treaty with Korea, 320; proposed compromise by, of exterritoriality in Japan, 358; public feeling in Japan compels, to resign portfolio, 358.
International American Conference of 1890, Hawaii invited to take part in, 374.
Ismailoff , Russian ambassador to China, 19; reception of, at Peking, 20.
Ito, Marquis, early visit of, to Europe, 195; negotiates treaty with Li Hung Chang, 332; one of Japanese peace commissioners at Shimonoseki, 340; vice-ambassador of Iwakura embassy, 345; spokesman of Iwakura embassy, 346; on commercial progress of Japan, 435.
Iwakura embassy, constitued, 345; Americans accompany, 346; reception of, in United States, 346; public functions at Washington in honor of, 347; negotiations of, with secretary of state, 347; fruitless visit of, to European capitals, 348.
Iwakura, Prince, Japanese ambassador to United States and Europe, 345; character of, 348.
Jackson, President, letter of, to Kamehameha III., 117; letter from Kamehameha III. to, 118.
Japan, early relations of, with China and Korea, 2; early commerce of, 2; Pinto in 1542 discovers, 7; Dutch vessels reach (1600), 7; Spaniards reach, 7; English arrive in (1613), 8; early European trade with, 8 early liberal policy of, 9; Xavier and Jesuits arrive in, 9; nobles of visit Pope (1582), 9; edict of Shogun expelling priests from, 10; rebellion of native Christians in, 11 exclusive and seclusive policy established in, 11; early trade with, very profitable, 12; prosperity of in 17th century, 16; opening of, 133; isthmus of Panama, bulwark of independence of, 133; opening of, sequence to operations in China, 134; opening of, by United States, predicted by Creasy, 134; first American vessel to visit, 136; American attempts to open trade with, 136; voyage of the Morrison (1837) to, 137; voyage of the Manhattan (1845) to, 139; Roberts accredited to, but did not proceed there, 140, 141; presents carried by Roberts intended for emperor of, 141; resolution in Congress in 1845 in relation to, 142; Commodore Biddle attempts to open communication with, 143; Commodore Biddle insulted on expedition to, 143; Dr. Parker reports harsh treatment of shipwrecked Americans in, 144; the Preble visits, to demand surrender of shipwrecked Americans, 144; cruel treatment of shipwrecked Americans in, 145; cause of determination of United States to force treaty on, 145; American whalers in waters of, 145; necessity of coaling station in, between San Francisco and China, 146; expedition to, see Japan Expedition; Perry, Matthew Calbraith; Aulick succeeded by Perry in command of Japan expedition, 147; consternation in, caused by arrival of Perry, 151; copies of President's letter sent to principal daimios of, 159; preparations of, for return of Perry, 159; negotiation of first treaty with, 162; treaty between United States and (1854), 164, 165; results of Japan expedition on, 166; treaty between Great Britain and (1854), 166; treaties of, with other nations, 166; appreciation of Commodore Perry's service by, 168; first American vessel arrives in, after treaty is signed, 171; Townsend Harris appointed consul-general to, 172; opposition to Consul-General Harris in, 175; treaty of United States with (1857), 175; delivery of President's letter to emperor of, by Harris, 176; treaty between United States and (1858), 182; treaty between Great Britain and (1858), 183; treaties of, with Russia and France (1858), 183; embassy from, to United States (1860), 184; relations of Mikado and Shogun in, 187; anti-foreign feeling in, 188; murder of secretary of United States legation in, 188; murder of Richardson in, 189; indemnity demanded of, for murder of Richardson, 189; continued anti-foreign demonstrations in, 189; American legation in, burned by rioters, 189; American minister retires to Yokohama at request of government of, 190; indemnities paid by, for burning of American legation and murder of secretary, 190; Shogun issues order closing ports and expelling foreigners from, 190; American minister protests against order expelling foreigners from, 19 ; co-operative policy of United States in, 191; Pruyn induces withdrawal of order against foreigners in, 192; Prince of Choshiu closes strait of Shimonoseki in, 192; indemnity for Shimonoseki affair paid by, 194; United States returns share of Shimonoseki indemnity to, 194; Ito and Inouye secretly leave, for Europe, 195; effect of Richardson and Shimonoseki affairs on policy of, 195; Mikado sanctions treaties between powers and, 195; repeal of decree prohibiting Japanese from leaving, 197; return to Yedo of American minister to, 197; contest between Shogun and Mikado for government of, 197; Shogun surrenders government of, to Mikado, 198; Shogun's followers continue civil war in, 198; Mikado grants audience to foreign ministers to, 198; Mutsuhito becomes Mikado of, 199; daimios of, surrender feudal rights to Mikado, 199; native Christians in, when treaties made, 200; hostility of government to native Christians in, 200; United States protests against hostility to Christianity by government of, 200; effect of reforms on international relations of, 201; United States foremost in development of, 201; early relations of Korea with, 307; attempt of, to reinstate suzerainty over Korea, 319; treaty between Korea and (1876), 320; Korean embassy to, 321; attempt of, to secure predominant influence in Korea, 331; rivalry of, and China in Korea causes war of 1894, 332; places interests of subjects in China in hands of United States, 335; war of 1894 between China and, see Chinese- Japanese War; treaty of peace between China and (1895), 340; cession to, by China of Liaotung Peninsula, Formosa, and Pescadores Islands, 340; part taken by Americans in peace negotiations between China and, 341; letter of thanks from emperor of, to President, 341; note on Gen. Grant's opinion of military power of, 342; exterritorial and tariff provisions of treaties with, 344; Iwakura embassy to secure revision of treaties with, 345; failure of Iwakura embassy to secure abandonment of exterritoriality by powers in, 348; course to be pursued by, on failure of Iwakura embassy, 349; reforms instituted in, 349; part taken by Americans in reformation of, 350; visit of Gen. Grant to, in 1879, 350; progress of reforms in, 351; again, in 1878, attempts to secure revision of the treaties, 352; injustice of tariff provisions in treaties with, 352; tariff provision in Harris treaty beneficial to, 853; tariff provision in British treaty, disastrous to, 353; injustice and partiality of consular courts in, 354; extreme application of exterritoriality in regard to postal service and quarantine in, 355; unavailing efforts of, to secure revision of treaties, 356; Great Britain leads in opposition to revision of treaties of, 356; independent action of United States in regard to treaty revision with, 357; treaty between United States and (1878), 357; proposes modified form of exterritoriality, 358; public feeling in, compels Inouye to resign, 358; extradition treaty between United States and (1886) 358; further efforts of, by Okuma to secure treaty revision prevented by Great Britain, 359; promulgation of constitution of, 360; effect of war with China upon international relations of, 360; treaty between Great Britain and (1894), as to revision of treaties, 361; opposition of foreign residents in, to treaty revision, 362; freed from exercise of exterritorial rights by the powers, 363; extraordinary progress of, 364; laborers imported into Hawaii from, for sugar plantations, 371; protests against annexation of Hawaii to United States, 382; wonderful development of, as a world power, 435; Russia, the power most feared by, 436; text of treaty of, with United States (1895), 453.
Japan expedition, determined upon, 146; Aulick selected to command, 146; preparations for, 147; Perry succeeds Aulick in command of, 147; action of Dutch in relation to, 149; functions attending departure of, 149; Dr. Williams, chief interpreter of, 150; enters Bay of Yedo, July 8, 1853, 150; consternation caused by arrival of, at Yedo, 151; object of, explained to Japanese, 152; negotiations of, with governor of Uraga, 153; surveying parties from, advance toward Yedo, 154; delivers President's letter to Japanese princes, 156; orderly conduct of members of, towards natives, 158; departs from Bay of Yedo, 158; proceeds to China, 159; Japanese preparations for return of, 159; Perry determines to hasten return of, to Japan, 160; reenters Bay of Yedo, February 12, 1854, 160; delivery of presents brought by, 163; Japanese presents delivered to, 163; banquet given Japanese officials by, 164; Japanese dinner given, 165; success of, 166; reception of treaty negotiated by, in Europe and America, 167; Humphrey Marshall's opinion of proposed, 207. See also Perry, Matthew Calbraith.
Jarvis, John J., Hawaiian commissioner, negotiates treaty (1849) with United States, 128.
Jones, Captain Thomas ap Catesby, negotiates treaty for United States with Hawaii, 114; arbitrates between missionary and anti-missionary parties in Hawaii, 115.
Jones, John C, consul of United States to Hawaii, 113.
Judd, Dr., sent as special Hawaiian commissioner to France, 129.
Kagoshima, bombarded and burned by British squadron, 189.
Kalakaua, visits Europe, Asia, and United States, 373; ambitious ideas of, 373; death of, in 1891, 375.
Kamehameha, king of island of Hawaii, 105; becomes ruler of entire group, 106.
Kamehameha III., President's letter to, 117; letter to President from, 118; death of, during negotiations for annexation to United States, 367.
Kang-wa, captured and burned by French, 309.
Kauai, Hawaiian Island of, placed under Russian protection, 112; Russian fort on, destroyed by order of Kamehameha, 113.
Kearny, Commodore, course pursued by, during Opium War, 74; secures American interests in China, 75; protests against British occupation of Hawaii, 125.
Kendrick, Captain, voyages of, 99.
Kiakta, Russia fur trade at, 31.
Kiaochau, seizure of, by Germany, 414.
Kido, vice-ambassador of Iwakura embassy, 345.
Kioto, Mikado's court at, 187; Shogun visits Mikado at, 190.
Kiying, Chinese high commissioner to negotiate treaty with Cushing, 85; at Tientsin in 1858 during negotiation of treaties, 239; character and death of, 240.
Korea, early relations of, with Japan, 2; resolution in Congress in 1845 in relation to, 142; styled "Naboth's Vineyard of the Far East," 307 ; early relations of, with China and Japan, 307; British East India Company attempts to open commerce with, 308; first effort to introduce Christianity into, 309; persecution of Christians in, 309; French naval expedition to, 309; French forces compelled to retire from, 310; the General Sherman burned and crew killed in, 310; kindly treatment of shipwrecked Americans in, 311; Consul-General Seward advises attempt to open relations with, 312; American minister to China directed to negotiate with, 313; naval expedition of United States to, 313; notified by Tsung-li Yamen of American expedition, 314; American expedition appears off coast of, 314; American vessels fired upon by forts of, 314; on failure of, to apologize Americans destroy forts, 315; communication of official of, with Minister Low, 315; failure of American expedition to, due to incorrect information, 316; Consul-General Seward's information as to, from adventurers, 317; attempts of Russia and Germany to enter into negotiations with, 318; attempt of Japan to reinstate suzerainty over, 319; independence of, recognized by Japan, 320; treaty between Japan and (1876), 320; efforts of, to prevent strangers from visiting shores, 320; China disclaims control over, 320; embassy of to Japan, 321; visited by Russian, British, and French naval vessels, 321; British failure to open intercourse with, 321; duke of Genoa attempts to communicate with king of, 322; delegation from, to Li Hung Chang advised to make treaty with United States, 323; Senator Sargent introduces resolution to send commissioner to, 323; Shufeldt makes futile visit to, 324; United States legation at Peking informed of willingness of, to make treaty, 324; treaty between United States and (1882), 324; exterritorial rights of United States in, 325; Foote, first American minister to, 326; embassy from, sent to United States, 326; treaties negotiated by Great Britain and Germany with, 327; appoints minister to United States, 327; China interdicts, from sending minister to United States, 327; inconsistent attitude of China toward, 328; China claims subordination of ministers of, 329; United States opposes and ignores China's attitude as to ministers of, 329; friendly attitude of, toward United States, 329; American aid in transformation of, 330; missions in, 330; treaty between France and (1886), 331; Japanese attempt to secure predominant influence in, 331; Japanese and Chinese intrigues in, 332; China resists Japanese attempt to secure influence in, 332; rivalry of China and Japan causes war of 1894, 332; cause of Chinese-Japanese War, see Chinese-Japanese War; appeals to United States to intervene to secure its independence, 333; independence of, recognized by Chinese-Japanese peace treaty, 340; new danger to, after Chinese-Japanese War, 342.
Kotou or kowtow, Ismailoff performs, 20; Lord Amherst refuses to perform, 25; Minister Ward declines to perform, 250.
Krusenstern, attempt of, to trade at Canton, 21; opinion of, of American enterprise, 29.
Kung, Prince, president of Tsung-li Yamen, 256; character of, 256.
Kweiliang receives from Ward President's letter for delivery to emperor, 251; member of Tsung-li Yamen, 257.
Lagoda, the, imprisonment of crew of, by Japanese, 144.
Land of the Morning Calm, see Korea.
L'Artemise affair, 119.
Lawrence, the, imprisonment of crew of, by Japanese, 144.
Letter of sultan of Muscat to President, 53; of President to Kamehameha III., 117; of Kamehameha III. to President Jackson, 118; from President to emperor of Japan delivered at Uraga, 156; of Li Hung Chang regarding opium trade, 297.
Lew Chew Islands, Perry recommends occupation of, by United States, 229; Gen. Grant aids Japan and China in settling dispute concerning, 350.
Liaotung Peninsula cession of, by China to Japan, 340.
Liholiho, king of Hawaiian Islands, 106.
Li Hung Chang, letter of, regarding opium trade, 297; advises Koreans to make treaty with United States, 323; announces China's policy as to Korean ministers, 328; Chinese peace commissioner at Shimonoseki, 340; appointed plenipotentiary to negotiate peace with allies, 424; on cause of Boxer uprising, 416; removed as member of Tsung-li Yamen, 417.
Liliuokalani succeeds Kalakaua as ruler of Hawaii, 375; character of, 375; attempted coup d'état of, in January. 1893, 376; dethroned, 377; declares that she would behead revolutionists, if restored to power, 379.
Lin, Chinese commissioner to suppress opium trade, 68; destroys opium seized, 70.
Linguist, in trade at Canton, 34.
Lodge, Senator, argument of, for Chinese exclusion, 303.
Looting, of Cantonese palaces by British (1856), 228.
Luzon, Island of, American commissioners instructed to demand cession of, 403.
Macartney, Lord, embassy of, to China, 22.
Macao, Portuguese establishment at, 33.
Malietoa, king of Samoa, 389; and chiefs accept Berlin Act, 394; death of, 395.
Malietoa Tanu declared king of Samoa by chief justice, 396.
Manhattan, The, enters Bay of Yedo (1845), 139.
Manila Bay, effect of victory of, on policy of United States, 400.
Marcy, William L., conservative policy of, as Secretary of State, in relation to China, 229; directs American minister to propose annexation of Hawaii, 366.
Marshall, Humphrey, United States commissioner to China, 205; efforts of, to secure interview with Chinese commissioner, 205; received by E-liang, 206; disagreements between, and Commodores Aulick and Perry, 206; futile efforts of, to interview Commissioner Yeh, 213; recall of, 213.
Martin, Dr. W. A. P., on the Opium War, 73; assists in negotiation of treaty of 1858 between China and United States, 239; president of Imperial College, 261; treatment of, during Boxer uprising, 420.
Mataafa, rival for Samoan kingship, 390.
McCarthy, Justin, on the Opium War, 74.
McCulloch, Hugh, opinion of, as to Dr. Peter Parker, 230.
McKinley, President, problems to be solved by, at close of Spanish War, 402; change of policy of, as to Philippines, 404.
McLane, Robert M., minister of United States, visits headquarters of Taiping leader, 210; visit of, misinterpreted as act of homage, 210; views of, as to Taiping Rebellion, 211; indignation of, at treatment by Chinese high commissioner, 214; proceeds to Shanghai, 215; communicates with Viceroy E-liang, 215; resigns as minister to China, 219.
Mikado, relations between Shogun and, 187, 196; Shogun visits, at Kioto, 190; sanctions treaties of Japan with powers, 195; Mutsuhito becomes, 199; Shogun surrenders government to, 198; grants audience to ministers and transfers capital to Yedo, 198; takes the "charter oath," 199.
Missionaries, early French, to China, 6; edict expelling Jesuit, from Japan, 10; American, sent to Hawaiian Islands, 106; success of, in Hawaiian Islands, 107; diversity of opinion as to, in the Orient, 109; services of, as interpreters to embassies, 109; and their opponents in Hawaii, 115; Tientsin riots against French, 268; Korea visited by French, 309; in Samoa, 386; usefulness of, in China, socially and politically, 411.
Missions, in Korea, 330; French interpretation of treaty provision relative to, in Korea, 331; in China, 409. See also Christianity; Missionaries.
Morgan, John T., report of, upon Hawaiian revolution, in the Senate, 380.
Morrison, J. R., services as interpreter to Roberts's embassy, 110.
Morrison, Dr. Robert, interpreter of Amherst embassy, 110; invited to come to China by D. W. C. Olyphant, 137.
Morrison, The, voyage of, to Japan (1837), 137.
Morton, Oliver P., chairman of committee of Congress on Chinese immigration, 286; death of, and report in favor of Chinese immigration, 289.
Muscat, Roberts sent on mission to, 46; extent of sultanate of, 51; reception of Roberts at, 52; treaty of United States with, 52; letter of sultan of, to President, 53.
Mutsu, Count, one of Japanese peace commissioners at Shimonoseki, 340.
Mutsuhito, becomes Mikado, 199.
Nagasaki, location of Dutch factory, 11; Preble enters harbor of (1849), 144.
Nanking, capture of, by Taipings, 208; Roberts visits Taiping court at, 210.
Napier, Lord, chief superintendent of British trade in China, 57; attempts to communicate with Chinese officials at Canton, 58; governor's letter refusing to receive, 59; requested to withdraw to Macao, 60; communications of, with Chinese governor, 61; withdraws from Canton, 62; illness and death of, at Macao, 62.
Naval officers, relations between diplomatic officers and, 207.
Nevius, Dr., on the Opium War, 73.
Northwest coast, American trade between China and, 31; American ships on, 99.
Okuba, vice-ambassador of Iwakura embassy, 345.
Okuma, Count, succeeds Inouye as minister of foreign affairs of Japan, 359; opinion of future of Japan, 436.
Olyphant & Co., send vessel to Japan, 137.
Olyphant, D. W. C, American merchant at Canton, 137.
"Open Door" policy, Secretary Hay's circular note in favor of, in China, 432.
Opium, Chinese on use of, 65; delivered by British superintendent to Chinese, 69; seized and destroyed by Chinese, 70.
Opium trade, commencement of, in China, 64; imperial edict (1796) against, 65; illicit, in China, 66; large increase in, 66; large profits from, 66; increased efforts of Chinese to suppress, 67; increase of illicit, 67; Lin, Chinese commissioner to suppress, 68; stringent prohibitions against, 68; Chinese close foreign factories to stop, 69; not adjusted by Anglo-Chinese treaty (1842), 71; United States by treaty with China prohibits, 295; communication of W. N. Pethick on, 295; Great Britain declines to entertain proposal of China to prohibit, 297; Li Hung Chang's letter regarding, 297; opposition of United States to, 298; Lord Elgin opposes prohibition clause in United States treaty of 1858, 299.
Opium War, causes of, 64; course of, 70; moral aspects of, 72.
Pacific Ocean, European occupation of islands of, 26; whale fishery in, 104; Seward's prophecy as to importance of, 135.
Pacific Railroad, Chinese laborers work on, 283.
Pago Pago Harbor, cession of, by Samoa to United States not acted on by Senate, 388; Tutuila, in which is, transferred to United States, 397.
Palmerston, Lord, on ultimate annexation of Hawaii to United States, 368.
Panama, Isthmus of, bulwark of China and Japan, 133.
Parker, Dr. Peter, urges in 1841 sending minister to China, 77; secretary of Cushing embassy, 79; on Morrison's voyage to Japan, 138; reports harsh treatment of shipwrecked Americans in Japan, 144; chargé d'affaires of United States in China, 205; again becomes chargé, 219; visits United States, 221; appointed commissioner to China, 221; indignation at Yeh in avoiding interview, 221; plan of, to avoid war in China, 229; retires as minister to China, 230; life of, after retirement, 230; McCulloch's opinion of, 230.
Paulet, Lord George, threatens Hawaiian independence, 124; compels cession of Hawaiian Islands to Great Britain, 125.
Pearl Harbor, transferred by Hawaii to United States for a naval station, 371; protest of British minister to cession of, by Hawaii to United States, 372.
Peiho, foreign ministers arrive at mouth of, 216; reception of foreign ministers by Chinese commissioner on banks of, 217; failure of conference and departure of foreign ministers from, 218; foreign ministers proceed to, 236; American, French, and British arrive at mouth of, 246; channel of, obstructed by Chinese, 246; battle of, between China and allies, 247.
Peking, Cushing directed to reach, if possible, 81; Cushing abandons idea of reaching, 87; Cushing criticised for not attempting to reach, 93; Minister Ward at, 249; Minister Ward leaves, without exchange of ratifications, 252; captured by allied forces, 254; siege of the legations in, 419.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 147; succeeds Aulick in command of Japan expedition, 147; banquet given, on sailing of Japan expedition, 149; seclusive policy of, in dealing with Japanese, 152; religious custom of, 154; firmness of, in dealing with Japanese, 155; ceremonious delivery of President's letter by, 156; informs Japanese he will return the following spring, 157; determines to hasten his return to Japan, 160; resolute course of, in regard to place of negotiation, 161; negotiations of, with Japanese plenipotentiaries, 162; banquets Japanese officials, 164; success of, In his mission to Japan, 166; Japanese appreciation of services of, 168; dedication of Japanese monument to, 169; disagreement with Minister Marshall, 206. See also Japan Expedition.
Peru, treatment of Chinese coolies in, 276; coolies in, petition American legation for aid, 278.
Pescadores Islands, Dutch occupy, 4; cession of, by China to Japan, 340.
Pethick, W. N., secretary of Li Hung Chang, on opium trade, 295; sketch of his life, 295.
Philippines, occupied by Spaniards (1543), 6; disposition of, at close of Spanish War, a problem, 402; perplexity of President regarding, 402; instructions of American commissioners regarding, 403; attitude of American commissioners in regard to, 404; conferences at Paris between commissioners regarding, 404; effect of President's Western trip on acquisition of, 404; reasons advanced for United States acquiring, 405; Spain cedes, to United States, 405; troubles in China closely following cession of, to United States, 407; acquisition of, makes United States an Asiatic power, 438.
Port Arthur, seizure of, by Russia, 414.
Portuguese, arrive in China, 4; outrages in China, 4; visit Japan (1542) 7; establishment at Macao, 33; imported from Azores for Hawaiian sugar plantations, 371.
Preble, The, Expedition of, to Japan, 144.
Protocol of August 12, 1898, between Spain and United States, 402; text of, 468.
Pruyn, Robert H., appointed minister to Japan, 89; refuses to leave Yedo after burning of legation, 190; retires to Yokohama at request of Japanese government, 190.
Reed, William B., succeeds Dr. Parker as minister to China, 231; political reasons for appointment of, 231; commissioned as minister instead of commissioner, 231; fails to secure interview with Commissioner Yeh, 233; resigns as minister to China and returns home, 244; opinion of, respecting Dr. Williams, 273.
Reid, Whitelaw, one of American commissioners to negotiate peace with Spain, 403.
Richardson, murder of, by Japanese, 189.
Roberts, Edmund, urges protection of American commerce in Pacific, 45; sent on mission to Siam, Muscat, and Annam, 46; treatment of, at Canton, 47; attempted negotiations of, at Annam, 48; reception of, in Siam, 49; reception of, at Muscat, 52; exchanges ratifications of Siamese treaty, 54; death and services of, at Macao, 55; furnished with letters of credence to emperor of Japan, 140, 141; presents intended for emperor of Japan carried by, 141.
Roberts, Rev. J. J., relations of, to Taiping Rebellion, 209; visits Taiping court at Nankin, 210.
Rock Springs, indemnity for anti-Chinese riots at, 301.
Rockhill, W. W., sent as special commissioner to China during siege of legations, 424; on departure of Conger from China, assumes charge of peace negotiations, 428.
Rodgers, Admiral, in command of expedition to Korea, 314.
Rome, Japanese Christians visit, 9.
Russia, early relations of China and, 16; war between China and, 17th century, 17; treaty of, 1689, with China, 17; envoy from, to Peking (1693), 18; envoy from, to Peking (1719), 19; early trade of China with, 21; treaty of, 1727, with, 21; Hawaiian island of Kauai placed under protection of, 112; treaty between Japan and (1855), 166; treaty between Japan and (1858), 183; treaty between China and (1858), 238, 242; attempt of, to enter into negotiations with Korea, 318; increasing influence of, in far East, 342; seizure of Port Arthur by, 414; announces that it has no intention to acquire Chinese territory, 425 ; the power most feared by China and Japan, 436.
Samoa, United States withholds approval of alliance between Hawaii and, 373; embassy from Hawaii to, 374; missionaries in, 386; arrival of traders in, 387; first attention of United States called to, 387; cession of Pago Pago harbor by, to United States, not acted on by Senate, 388; Steinberger sent as agent of United States to, 388; Steinberger reports and is again sent to, 388; Steinberger becomes premier of, and is deported, 388; United States declines protectorate over, 389; treaties of, with United States (1878) and other countries, 389; disorders in, over kingship, 389; German interest and influence in, 390; American consul raises flag over, 390; German consul assumes control of government of, 390; American consul second time proclaims protectorate over, 390; conference at Washington concerning, between United States, Great Britain, and Germany, 391; failure of conference to reach an agreement regarding, 391; Germany dethrones Malietoa and installs Tamasese as king of, 392; American squadron sent to, destroyed by hurricane at Apia, 392; desire of United States to preserve independence of, 392; conference at Berlin in reference to, between United States, Great Britain, and Germany, 393; instructions to American commissioners at Berlin Conference concerning, 393; agreement reached by Berlin Conference as to, 394; joint protectorate over, by United States, Great Britain, and Germany, 394; unsatisfactory operation of tripartite protectorate, 395; civil war in, following death of Malietoa, 396; foreign sympathy with rivals for kingship, 396; joint commission sent to, by United States, Great Britain, and Germany, 396; report of joint commission on, and tripartite protectorate abandoned, 397; partition of, 397; efforts and failure of United States to preserve independence of, 397; lesson from attempted joint control of, 398; text of treaty of 1899, between United States, Germany, and Great Britain, regarding, 466.
Sandalwood, Hawaiian trade in, 101; value of trade in, to Hawaiian Islands, 101; exhaustion of supply of, in Hawaiian Islands, 102.
Sandwich Islands, see Hawaiian Islands.
Sargent, Senator, submits report of committee on Chinese immigration, 287; introduces resolution to send a commissioner to Korea, 323.
Satsuma, Prince of, Richardson murdered by followers of, 189; refuses to pay indemnity demanded for murder, 189; capital of, bombarded by British squadron, 189.
Scott Act, relating to Chinese exclusion, 301.
Sen Ki-yu, book of, on Western civilization, 259; eulogy of, on Washington, 260; degraded on account of book, 260; reinstated and made member of Tsung-li Yamen, 260; presented by United States with portrait of Washington, 261.
Seward, George F., consul-general at Shanghai, advises attempt to open relations with Korea, 312; informants of, as to Korea, a party of adventurers, 317.
Seward, William H., on expansion of United States in Pacific, 135; remarks of, on retirement of Harris as minister to Japan, 185; favors annexation of Hawaii, 367; prophesies expansion of United States in, 401.
Shanghai, rising commercial importance of, 96; capture of Chinese city of, by Taipings, 208.
Shaw, Samuel, first visit of, to China, 27; report of, to Jay, 31 ; appointed first American consul at Canton, 32; death of, 38.
Shimmi, Japanese envoy, expresses views on Western civilization, 185.
Shimoda, vessels only permitted to enter at, 172; Townsend Harris appointed consul-general to reside at, 172; Harris arrives at, 173.
Shimonoseki, affair of, 192; American vessel fired on in strait of, 193; United States naval steamer engages batteries at, 193; joint naval expedition of powers silence batteries at, 193; indemnity paid by Japan for affair at, 194; United States returns to Japan share of indemnity for affair at, 194; peace negotiations at, between China and Japan, 340.
Shogun, audience of, by Dutch officials, 14; audience of, by Harris, 178; opposition to, on account of treaties with Western nations, 187; relations between Mikado, and, 187, 196; visits Mikado at Kioto, 190; surrenders government to Mikado, 198.
Ships, outfit of, engaged in China trade, 30.
Shufeldt, Commodore R. W., sent to Chinese seas instructed to make treaty with Korea, 323; negotiates treaty with Korea, 324; experience and service of, 325.
Siam, early French relations with, 46; Roberts sent on mission to, 46; reception of Roberts at, 49; treaty of United States with (1833), 50; exchange of ratifications of United States treaty with, 54; Townsend Harris negotiates new treaty with, 172.
Simpson, Sir George, one of Hawaiian commissioners to Europe and United States, 121.
Snow, Samuel, American consul at Canton, 38.
Spain, occupies Philippines, 6; vessels of, visit Japan, 7; war between United States and, 399; truce protocol between United States and, 402; cedes Philippines to United States, 405; text of protocol of August 12, 1898, and treaty of peace between United States and, 468.
Spanish War, influence of, upon the annexation of Hawaii, 383; policy of the United States at commencement of, 399; territory held by United States at close of, 400; negotiations of peace at conclusion of, 403.
Spheres of influence in China, agreements between Russia and Great Britain, and Germany and Great Britain as to, 415; Secretary Hay's note in favor of "open door" and against, 432.
Steinberger, A. B., sent to Samoa as agent of United States to report conditions, 388; becomes premier of Samoan king and is deported, 388.
Sumatra, murder of crew of Friendship in, 45.
Sugar-growing, in Hawaii, 370.
Swift, John T., one of commission to negotiate treaty of immigration with China, 294.
Taiping Rebellion, extent of, 208; origin and leader of, 209; condition of, in 1853, 210; McLane visits headquarters of rebels to study condition of, 210; insulting address to McLane by leader of, 210; McLane's views upon, 211; progress of, and cause of its failure, 211; attitude of United States towards, 211; services of General Ward and his "Ever Victorious Army" in suppressing, 212; neutrality of United States during, 220.
Taku Forts, British and French allies demand surrender of, 237; taken by assault, 238; repulse of British and French forces at, 247; successfully assaulted by allies, 254; bombardment of, by allies during Boxer uprising, 419.
Talienwan, China leases port of, to Russia, 415.
Tamasese, rival for Samoan kingship, 389.
Tariff, in Anglo-Chinese treaty (1842), 76; provisions relating to, in Japanese treaties, 345; fixed in Japanese treaties, 352.
Tatnall, Commodore, part taken by, at battle of the Peiho, 247; famous saying of, 248.
Terranova affair, 40.
Thomas, Admiral, disavows act of cession of Hawaii (1843) to Great Britain, 126.
Tientsin, foreign ministers arrive at, 238; negotiation of treaties of 1858 at, 238; riots at, in 1870, 268; attack on foreigners at, in 1900, 419.
Tokio, name of Yedo changed to, 198.
Trade, overland, of China with Russia, 21; early European, with Japan, 12; of East India Company with China, 22; course of American, with China, 30; conduct of, at Canton, 33; restrictions on, at Canton, 35; regulalations relaxed in China, 41; embarassments of, at Canton, 43; increase of United States, following treaties, 95; Hawaiian, in sandalwood, 101. See also China Trade; Fur Trade; Opium Trade.
Treaty, between Russia and China (1689), 17; between Russia and China (1727), 21; United States, with Siam (1833), 50; United States, with Muscat, 52; exchange of ratifications of United States, with Siam, 54; of peace between Great Britain and China (1842), 71; tariff in Anglo-Chinese (1842), 76; of Wang Hiya, between China and United States (1844), 86; of Wang Hiya, importance of, 89; of France with China (1844), 95; negotiated between Hawaii and United States (1826), 114, 121, 128; forced from Hawaiian government by French authorities (1839), 120; negotiated by Lord Russell with Hawaii under compulsion, 121; criminal trials of foreigners in Hawaii under French, 127; of United States with Hawaii (1849), 128; of United States with Borneo (1850), 142; of Japan with United States (1854), 164; of Japan with Great Britain (1854), 166; of Japan with Russia (1855), 166; of Japan with United States, ratified, 168; of Siam with United States, negotiated by Harris, 172; of Japan with United States (1857), 175; of Japan with United States (1858), 182; of Japan with United States, provisions of, 182; of Japan with Great Britain, Russia, and France (1858), 183; between China and United States (1844), clause relative to revision of, 217; of China with United States (1858), 238, 242; of China with Russia, Great Britain, and France; of China with United States (1868), 265; of China with United States (1880), relating to immigration, 294; of China with United States, prohibiting opium trade, 295; of United States with China (1888), negotiated but not finally ratified, 300; of China with United States (1894), 302; of Korea with Japan (1876), 320; of Korea with United States, 324; of Korea with Great Britain (1883), 327; of Korea with Germany (1883), 327; of Korea with France (1886), 331; of peace between China and Japan (1895), 340; of Japan with United States (1878), 357; of Japan with United States on extradition (1886), 358; of Japan with Great Britain (1894), 361; of Japan with United States (1894) 362; reciprocity, of 1855 and one of 1867, between Hawaii and United States, fail of ratification, 367; reciprocity, between Hawaii and United States (1876), 369; of annexation of Hawaii to United States, negotiated in 1893, 377; same in 1897, 381; joint resolution of annexation, passed July, 1898, 383; of Samoa with United States (1878) and other countries, 389; of China with the powers (1901), 430; text of, between China and powers (September 7, 1901), 441; text of, of China with United States (1894), 450; text of, of Japan with United States (1894), 453; text of, between United States, Germany, and Great Britain (1899), regarding Samoa, 466; text of, of peace between United States and Spain, 1898, 468.
Trescot, William H., one of commission to negotiate treaty of immigration with China, 294.
Tribute-bearer, Lord Macartney considered, by Chinese, 23; Webster's instruction that Cushing was not, 80.
Tsiyeng, Chinese high commissioner to negotiate treaty with Cushing, 85; report of, to emperor upon negotiations at Wang Hiya, 90; Cushing's opinion of, 91.
Tsung-li Yamen, established, 256; appreciates Burlingame's policy of cooperation, 259; Sen Ki-yu made a member of, 260; on request of United States notifies Korea of intended American expedition, 314; abolished and succeeded by Wai-wu Pu, 431.
Tung Wen Kwan, the imperial college, 261.
Tutuila, one of Samoan group transferred to United States, 397.
Tyler, President, message of, regarding Chinese mission, 78; letter of, to emperor of China, 81.
United States, extension of commerce, of, in Pacific, 26; commercial difficulties of, in the Pacific, 26; first vessel of, to reach China, 27; commercial enterprise of, 29; conduct of China trade by, 30; fur trade of, with China, 31; increase of trade of, with China, 36; better position of, in regard to political relations, 44; exposed condition of commerce of, in Pacific, 45; almost exclusive trade of, in furs and sandalwood, 101; opinion in, regarding Opium War, 73; interests of, during Opium War, 74; interests of, in China, 76; treaty of Wang Hiya between China and 86; effect of Chinese treaties on commerce of, 95; extent of whaling industry of, 103; first ship to carry flag of, to England, 103; attitude of, to Hawaiian independence, 111; consul of, to Hawaii established, 113; treaty negotiated between Hawaiian Islands and (1826), 114; Hawaiian commission arrives in (1842), 121; policy of, toward Hawaii declared by Webster, 123; controversy of, with Hawaii over criminal trials, 127; treaty of Hawaii with (1849), 128; provisional cession of Hawaiian Islands to, 130; Creasy on, in Orient, 134; Seward on, in Orient, 135; early attempts of, to open trade with Japan, 136; cause of determination of, to force treaty on Japan, 145; sends expedition to Japan, 147; treaty between Japan and (1854), 164, 165; sends squadron to dedication of Perry monument in Japan, 169; treaty of Japan with (1857), 175; delivery of letter of President of, to emperor of Japan by Harris, 176; negotiation of treaty of 1857 between Japan and, 180; treaty between Japan and (1858), 182; rioters burn legation of, at Yedo, 189; Japanese embassy to (1860), 184; murder of secretary of legation of, in streets of Yedo, 188; coöperative policy of, in Japan, 191; returns share of Shimonoseki indemnity to Japan, 194; protests against hostility of Japanese government to Christianity, 200; foremost in development of Japan, 201; attitude of, towards Taiping Rebellion, 211; hostilities at Canton between China and, 225; proposed acquisition of Formosa and Lew Chew Islands by, 229; conservative policy of, in relation to China, 229; policy of peaceful cooperation by, in China, 231; could not make war against China without consent of Congress, 232; opposed to coercive measures with China, 236; treaty between China and (1858), 238, 242; claims of citizens of, against China settled, 243; returns to China part of Canton Indemnity Fund, 244; Burlingame embassy in, 264; treaty of China with (1868), 265; firm attitude of, on audience question, 269; Chinese youths sent to, to be educated, 272; demand for Chinese labor in, 274; legislation of, against coolie trade, 281; Chinese laborers arrive on Pacific coast of, 282; treaty between China and (1880), relative to immigration, 294; treaty right of, to regulate Chinese immigration, 295; by treaty with China prohibits opium trade, 295; opposed from outset to opium trade, 298; treaty between China and (1888) negotiated but not finally ratified, 300; increased sentiment in, against Chinese immigration, 302; treaty between China and (1894), 302; change, since 1868, of public opinion in, in regard to Chinese exclusion, 305; vessel of, burned and its crew killed by Koreans, 310; investigation by, as to the affairs of the General Sheman, 312; naval expedition of, to Korea, 313; Li Hung Chang advises Koreans to make treaty with, 323; treaty between Korea and (1882), 324; exterritorial rights of, in Korea, 325; Korean embassy sent to, 326; citizens of, aid in transformation of Korea, 330; efforts of, to prevent Chinese-Japanese War, 333; declines to unite with Great Britain to prevent Chinese-Japanese War, 334; letter of thanks from emperor of Japan for services of, during Chinese War, 341; Iwakura embassy arrives in, 346; part taken by citizens of, in reforms in Japan, 350; treaty between Japan and (1878), 357; extradition treaty between Japan and (1886), 358; treaty between Japan and (1894), regarding revision of treaties, 362; reciprocity treaty between Hawaii and (1876), 369; Hawaii cedes Pearl Harbor to, 371; declines to join in guaranty of neutrality and independence of Hawaii, 372; withholds approval of alliance between Hawaii and Samoa, 373; lands marines at Honolulu during revolution of January 16–17, 1893, 377; annexation treaty between Hawaii and, negotiated February, 1893, 377; Hawaiian annexation treaty withdrawn by President Cleveland, 378; sends Blount as commissioner to investigate Hawaiian revolution and conditions, 378; efforts of President of, for peaceful restoration of Hawaiian queen, 379; failure of, to secure restoration of Hawaiian queen, 379; annexation treaty between Hawaii and, negotiated in 1897, 381; joint resolution of annexation passed July, 1898, 383; Hawaii organized as territory of, 383; reasons for annexation of Hawaii to, 384; sends agent to Samoa to report conditions, 388; declines protectorate over Samoa, 389; treaty between Samoa and (1878), 389; desire of, to preserve Samoan independence, 392; sends commissioners to Berlin Samoan Conference, 393; secures Tutuila in partition of Samoan group, 397; efforts and failure of, to preserve Samoan independence, 397; policy of, at commencement of war with Spain, 399; policy of, affected by victory of Manila Bay, 400; territory held by, at close of Spanish War, 400; prophetic words of Seward as to expansion of, 401; truce protocol of August 12, 1898, between Spain and, 402; commissioners of, to negotiate treaty of peace with Spain, 403; instructions to commissioners of, at peace negotiations, 403; reasons advanced for acquisition of Philippines by, 405; Spain cedes Philippines to, 405; change of policy of, as to military cooperation in China, 422; policy of, in China, outlined in circular note of July 3, 1900, 423; desires China to punish Boxer leaders, not surrender them to allies, 425; position of, on questions of punishment and indemnity in Chinese peace negotiations, 428, 429; influence of, in peace negotiations between China and allies, 431; favors "open door" policy in China, 432; favors China's view as to rate of exchange on indemnity payments, 433; friendship between Great Britain and, 437; just and liberal conduct of, in the Orient, 438; on acquiring Philippines became an Asiatic power, 438; task and duty of, in the Orient, 438; text of treaty on immigration between China and (1894), 450; text of treaty of, with Japan (1895), 453; text of joint resolution of Congress for annexing Hawaii to, 463; text of Samoan treaty (1899) between Germany, Great Britain, and, 466; text of protocol of August 12, 1898, and treaty of peace between Spain and, 468.
Uraga, Perry's Japan expedition anchors opposite, 150; President's letter to emperor of Japan delivered at, 156.
Vancouver, Captain George, visits Hawaiian Islands, 100; attempts to annex Hawaiian Islands, 111.
Van Valkenburgh, R. B., appointed minister to Japan, 197.
Wai-wu Pu, Tsung-li Yamen abolished and succeeded by, 431.
Wang Hiya, treaty of, 86.
Ward, Frederick T., general in Chinese service, 212; organizes "Ever Victorious Army," 212; his death, 212.
Ward, John E., appointed United States minister to China, 245; delayed at Peking over audience question, 249; departs from Peking, 252; course pursued by, criticised, 252; retires as minister to China, 253.
Weather-vane, Chinese superstition concerning American consul's, 91.
Webster, Daniel, on importance of Chinese mission, 78; letter of instructions by, to Cushing, 80; United States policy toward Hawaii declared by, 123.
Webster, Fletcher, secretary of Cushing embassy, 79.
Weddel, Captain, 5.
Wei-hai-wei, fortress of, captured by Japanese, 340; China leases, to Great Britain, 415.
Wensiang, member of Tsung-li Yamen, and foremost Chinese statesman of his time, 257; on the danger of awakening China, 434.
Whale fishery, superiority of American colonies in, 102; after American revolution, 103; growth of American, 104; effect of Confederate cruisers on, 105; decline of American, 105; in Japanese waters, 145.
Williams, Dr. S. Wells, on Morrison's voyage to Japan, 138; joins Japan expedition as chief interpreter, 150; assists in negotiations of treaty of 1858 between China and United States, 238; view of, as to relations of foreign ministers during negotiations at Tientsin, 241; succeeds in securing provision of toleration of Christianity in Chinese treaty of 1858, 243; chargé of United States legation in China, 244, 253; author of "The Middle Kingdom" and Chinese dictionary, 273; retires from diplomatic service, 273; accepts chair of Chinese Literature at Yale University, 273; profound learning of, 274.
Women, foreign, excluded from China and Japan, 19, 42.
Xavier, Francis, arrives in Japan (1549), 9; lands on Chinese coast and death there, 410.
Yamagutsi, vice-ambassador of Iwakura embassy, 345.
Yedo, consternation caused at, by arrival of Japan expedition, 151; American surveying parties advance near to, 154; preparations of defense at, in expectation of Perry's return, 159; official visit of Harris to, 177; murder of secretary of United States legation in streets of, 188; American legation at, burned by rioters, 189; American minister retires from, to Yokohama at request of Japanese government, 190; postponement of opening port of, 192; return of American legation to, 197; Mikado transfers capital to, and name changed to Tokio, 198.
Yedo, Bay of, the Morrison enters (1837), 138; the Manhattan enters (1845), 139; Commodore Biddle enters, in 1846, 143; Commodore Perry enters, July 8, 1853, 150; Japan expedition returns to, 160.
Yeh, Chinese commissioner present at interview between Chinese commissioner and Davis, 204; Chinese high commissioner, 205; farewell note of, to Minister Marshall, 213; avoids interview with Minister McLane, 214; refuses interview to Minister Parker, 221; excuses attack of Americans by Chinese forts near Canton, 226; excuses himself from receiving Minister Reed, 233; captured by allies, sent to Calcutta, where he died, 233; unreasonably blamed for his conduct toward foreigners, 233.
Yokohama, Perry's negotiations take place on future site of, 162; American minister, at request of Japanese government, retires to, 190.
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