Aristophanes: The Eleven Comedies/Acharnians

by Aristophanes

Layout 2

 

THE ACHARNIANS

 

Introduction

This is the first of the series of three Comedies—'The Acharnians,' 'Peace' and 'Lysistrata'—produced at intervals of years, the sixth, tenth and twenty-first of the Peloponnesian War, and impressing on the Athenian people the miseries and disasters due to it and to the scoundrels who by their selfish and reckless policy had provoked it, the consequent ruin of industry and, above all, agriculture, and the urgency of asking Peace. In date it is the earliest play brought out by the author in his own name and his first work of serious importance. It was acted at the Lenæan Festival, in January, 426 B.C., and gained the first prize, Cratinus being second.

Its diatribes against the War and fierce criticism of the general policy of the War party so enraged Cleon that, as already mentioned, he endeavoured to ruin the author, who in 'The Knights' retorted by a direct and savage personal attack on the leader of the democracy. The plot is of the simplest. Dicæopolis, an Athenian citizen, but a native of Acharnæ, one of the agricultural demes and one which had especially suffered in the Lacedæmonian invasions, sick and tired of the ill-success and miseries of the War, makes up his mind, if he fails to induce the people to adopt his policy of "peace at any price," to conclude a private and particular peace of his own to cover himself, his family, and his estate. The Athenians, momentarily elated by victory and over-persuaded by the demagogues of the day—Cleon and his henchmen, refuse to hear of such a thing as coming to terms. Accordingly Dicæopolis dispatches an envoy to Sparta on his own account, who comes back presently with a selection of specimen treaties in his pocket. The old man tastes and tries, special terms are arranged, and the play concludes with a riotous and uproarious rustic feast in honour of the blessings of Peace and Plenty. Incidentally excellent fun is poked at Euripides and his dramatic methods, which supply matter for so much witty badinage in several others of our author's pieces.

Other specially comic incidents are: the scene where the two young daughters of the famished Megarian are sold in the market at Athens as sucking-pigs—a scene in which the convenient similarity of the Greek words signifying a pig and the 'pudendum muliebre' respectively is utilized in a whole string of ingenious and suggestive 'double entendres' and ludicrous jokes; another where the Informer, or Market-Spy, is packed up in a crate as crockery and carried off home by the Bœotian buyer.

The drama takes its title from the Chorus, composed of old men of Acharnæ.

Dramatis Personæ

• DICÆOPOLIS.
• HERALD.
• AMPHITHEUS.
• AMBASSADORS.
• PSEUDARTABAS.
• THEORUS.
• WIFE OF DICÆOPOLIS.
• DAUGHTER OF DICÆOPOLIS.
• EURIPIDES.
• CEPHISOPHON, servant of Euripides.
• LAMACHUS.
• ATTENDANT OF LAMACHUS.
• A MEGARIAN.
• MAIDENS, daughters of the Megarian.
• A BŒOTIAN.
• NICARCHUS.
• A HUSBANDMAN.
• A BRIDESMAID.
• AN INFORMER.
• MESSENGERS.
• CHORUS OF ACHARNIAN ELDERS.

The Acharnians by Aristophanes

SCENE: The Athenian Ecclesia on the Pnyx; afterwards Dicæopolis' house in the country.

DICÆOPOLIS^[1] (alone)
What cares have not gnawed at my heart and how few have been the pleasures in my life! Four, to be exact, while my troubles have been as countless as the grains of sand on the shore! Let me see of what value to me have been these few pleasures? Ah! I remember that I was delighted in soul when Cleon had to disgorge those five talents;^[2] I was in ecstasy and I love the Knights for this deed; 'it is an honour to Greece.'^[3] But the day when I was impatiently awaiting a piece by Æschylus,^[4] what tragic despair it caused me when the herald called, "Theognis,^[5] introduce your Chorus!" Just imagine how this blow struck straight at my heart! On the other hand, what joy Dexitheus caused me at the musical competition, when he played a Bœotian melody on the lyre! But this year by contrast! Oh! what deadly torture to hear Chæris^[6] perform the prelude in the Orthian mode!^[7]—Never, however, since I began to bathe, has the dust hurt my eyes as it does to-day. Still it is the day of assembly; all should be here at daybreak, and yet the Pnyx^[8] is still deserted. They are gossiping in the market-place, slipping hither and thither to avoid the vermilioned rope.^[9] The Prytanes^[10] even do not come; they will be late, but when they come they will push and fight each other for a seat in the front row. They will never trouble themselves with the question of peace. Oh! Athens! Athens! As for myself, I do not fail to come here before all the rest, and now, finding myself alone, I groan, yawn, stretch, break wind, and know not what to do; I make sketches in the dust, pull out my loose hairs, muse, think of my fields, long for peace, curse town life and regret my dear country home,^[11] which never told me to 'buy fuel, vinegar or oil'; there the word 'buy,' which cuts me in two, was unknown; I harvested everything at will. Therefore I have come to the assembly fully prepared to bawl, interrupt and abuse the speakers, if they talk of aught but peace. But here come the Prytanes, and high time too, for it is midday! As I foretold, hah! is it not so? They are pushing and fighting for the front seats.

HERALD
Move on up, move on, move on, to get within the consecrated area.^[12]

AMPHITHEUS
Has anyone spoken yet?

HERALD
Who asks to speak?

AMPHITHEUS
I do.

HERALD
Your name?

AMPHITHEUS
Amphitheus.

HERALD
You are no man.^[13]

AMPHITHEUS
No! I am an immortal! Amphitheus was the son of Ceres and Triptolemus; of him was born Celeus. Celeus wedded Phæncreté, my grandmother, whose son was Lucinus, and, being born of him, I am an immortal; it is to me alone that the gods have entrusted the duty of treating with the Lacedæmonians. But, citizens, though I am immortal, I am dying of hunger; the Prytanes give me naught.^[14]

A PRYTANIS
Guards!

AMPHITHEUS
Oh, Triptolemus and Ceres, do ye thus forsake your own blood?

DICÆOPOLIS
Prytanes, in expelling this citizen, you are offering an outrage to the Assembly. He only desired to secure peace for us and to sheathe the sword.

PRYTANIS
Sit down and keep silence!

DICÆOPOLIS
No, by Apollo, will I not, unless you are going to discuss the question of peace.

HERALD
The ambassadors, who are returned from the Court of the King!

DICÆOPOLIS
Of what King? I am sick of all those fine birds, the peacock ambassadors and their swagger.

HERALD
Silence!

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! oh! by Ecbatana,^[15] what assumption!

AN AMBASSADOR
During the archonship of Euthymenes, you sent us to the Great King on a salary of two drachmæ per diem.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! those poor drachmæ!

AMBASSADOR
We suffered horribly on the plains of the Caÿster, sleeping under a tent, stretched deliciously on fine chariots, half dead with weariness.

DICÆOPOLIS
And I was very much at ease, lying on the straw along the battlements!^[16]

AMBASSADOR
Everywhere we were well received and forced to drink delicious wine out of golden or crystal flagons….

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, city of Cranaus,^[17] thy ambassadors are laughing at thee!

AMBASSADOR
For great feeders and heavy drinkers are alone esteemed as men by the barbarians.

DICÆOPOLIS
Just as here in Athens, we only esteem the most drunken debauchees.

AMBASSADOR
At the end of the fourth year we reached the King's Court, but he had left with his whole army to ease himself, and for the space of eight months he was thus easing himself in midst of the golden mountains.^[18]

DICÆOPOLIS
And how long was he replacing his dress?

AMBASSADOR
The whole period of a full moon; after which he returned to his palace; then he entertained us and had us served with oxen roasted whole in an oven.

DICÆOPOLIS
Who ever saw an oxen baked in an oven? What a lie!

AMBASSADOR
On my honour, he also had us served with a bird three times as large as Cleonymus,^[19] and called the Boaster.

DICÆOPOLIS
And do we give you two drachmæ, that you should treat us to all this humbug?

AMBASSADOR
We are bringing to you, Pseudartabas,^[20] the King's Eye.

DICÆOPOLIS
I would a crow might pluck out thine with his beak, thou cursed ambassador!

HERALD
The King's Eye!

DICÆOPOLIS
Eh! Great gods! Friend, with thy great eye, round like the hole through which the oarsman passes his sweep, you have the air of a galley doubling a cape to gain the port.

AMBASSADOR
Come, Pseudartabas, give forth the message for the Athenians with which you were charged by the Great King.

PSEUDARTABAS
Jartaman exarx 'anapissonnai satra.^[21]

AMBASSADOR
Do you understand what he says?

DICÆOPOLIS
By Apollo, not I!

AMBASSADOR
He says, that the Great King will send you gold. Come, utter the word 'gold' louder and more distinctly.

DICÆOPOLIS
Thou shalt not have gold, thou gaping-arsed Ionian.^[22]

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! may the gods forgive me, but that is clear enough.

AMBASSADOR
What does he say?

DICÆOPOLIS
That the Ionians are debauchees and idiots, if they expect to receive gold from the barbarians.

AMBASSADOR
Not so, he speaks of medimni^[23] of gold.

DICÆOPOLIS
What medimni? Thou art but a great braggart; but get your way, I will find out the truth by myself. Come now, answer me clearly, if you do not wish me to dye your skin red. Will the Great King send us gold? (Pseudartabas makes a negative sign.) Then our ambassadors are seeking to deceive us? (Pseudartabas signs affirmatively.) These fellows make signs like any Greek; I am sure that they are nothing but Athenians. Oh, ho! I recognize one of these eunuchs; it is Clisthenes, the son of Sibyrtius.^[24] Behold the effrontery of this shaven rump! How! great baboon, with such a beard do you seek to play the eunuch to us? And this other one? Is it not Straton?

HERALD
Silence! Let all be seated. The Senate invites the King's Eye to the Prytaneum.^[25]

DICÆOPOLIS
Is this not sufficient to drive one to hang oneself? Here I stand chilled to the bone, whilst the doors of the Prytaneum fly wide open to lodge such rascals. But I will do something great and bold. Where is Amphitheus? Come and speak with me.

AMPHITHEUS
Here I am.

DICÆOPOLIS
Take these eight drachmæ and go and conclude a truce with the Lacedæmonians for me, my wife and my children; I leave you free, my dear citizens, to send out embassies and to stand gaping in the air.

HERALD
Bring in Theorus, who has returned from the Court of Sitalces.^[26]

THEORUS
I am here.

DICÆOPOLIS
Another humbug!

THEORUS
We should not have remained long in Thrace….

DICÆOPOLIS
Forsooth, no, if you had not been well paid.

THEORUS
… If the country had not been covered with snow; the rivers were ice-bound at the time that Theognis^[27] brought out his tragedy here; during the whole of that time I was holding my own with Sitalces, cup in hand; and, in truth, he adored you to such a degree, that he wrote on the walls, "How beautiful are the Athenians!" His son, to whom we gave the freedom of the city, burned with desire to come here and eat chitterlings at the feast of the Apaturia;^[28] he prayed his father to come to the aid of his new country and Sitalces swore on his goblet that he would succour us with such a host that the Athenians would exclaim, "What a cloud of grasshoppers!"

DICÆOPOLIS
May I die if I believe a word of what you tell us! Excepting the grasshoppers, there is not a grain of truth in it all!

THEORUS
And he has sent you the most warlike soldiers of all Thrace.

DICÆOPOLIS
Now we shall begin to see clearly.

HERALD
Come hither, Thracians, whom Theorus brought.

DICÆOPOLIS
What plague have we here?

THEORUS
'Tis the host of the Odomanti.^[29]

DICÆOPOLIS
Of the Odomanti? Tell me what it means. Who has mutilated their tools like this?

THEORUS
If they are given a wage of two drachmæ, they will put all Bœotia^[30] to fire and sword.

DICÆOPOLIS
Two drachmæ to those circumcised hounds! Groan aloud, ye people of rowers, bulwark of Athens! Ah! great gods! I am undone; these Odomanti are robbing me of my garlic!^[31] Will you give me back my garlic?

THEORUS
Oh! wretched man! do not go near them; they have eaten garlic.^[32]

DICÆOPOLIS
Prytanes, will you let me be treated in this manner, in my own country and by barbarians? But I oppose the discussion of paying a wage to the Thracians; I announce an omen; I have just felt a drop of rain.^[33]

HERALD
Let the Thracians withdraw and return the day after to-morrow; the Prytanes declare the sitting at an end.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ye gods, what garlic I have lost! But here comes Amphitheus returned from Lacedæmon. Welcome, Amphitheus.

AMPHITHEUS
No, there is no welcome for me and I fly as fast as I can, for I am pursued by the Acharnians.

DICÆOPOLIS
Why, what has happened?

AMPHITHEUS
I was hurrying to bring your treaty of truce, but some old dotards from Acharnæ^[34] got scent of the thing; they are veterans of Marathon, tough as oak or maple, of which they are made for sure—rough and ruthless. They all set to a-crying, "Wretch! you are the bearer of a treaty, and the enemy has only just cut our vines!" Meanwhile they were gathering stones in their cloaks, so I fled and they ran after me shouting.

DICÆOPOLIS
Let 'em shout as much as they please! But have you brought me a treaty?

AMPHITHEUS
Most certainly, here are three samples to select from,^[35] this one is five years old; take it and taste.

DICÆOPOLIS
Faugh!

AMPHITHEUS
Well?

DICÆOPOLIS
It does not please me; it smells of pitch and of the ships they are fitting out.^[36]

AMPHITHEUS
Here is another, ten years old; taste it.

DICÆOPOLIS
It smells strongly of the delegates, who go round the towns to chide the allies for their slowness.^[37]

AMPHITHEUS
This last is a truce of thirty years, both on sea and land.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! by Bacchus! what a bouquet! It has the aroma of nectar and ambrosia; this does not say to us, "Provision yourselves for three days." But it lisps the gentle numbers, "Go whither you will."^[38] I accept it, ratify it, drink it at one draught and consign the Acharnians to limbo. Freed from the war and its ills, I shall keep the Dionysia^[39] in the country.

AMPHITHEUS
And I shall run away, for I'm mortally afraid of the Acharnians.

CHORUS
This way all! Let us follow our man; we will demand him of everyone we meet; the public weal makes his seizure imperative. Ho, there! tell me which way the bearer of the truce has gone; he has escaped us, he has disappeared. Curse old age! When I was young, in the days when I followed Phayllus,^[40] running with a sack of coals on my back, this wretch would not have eluded my pursuit, let him be as swift as he will; but now my limbs are stiff; old Lacratides^[41] feels his legs are weighty and the traitor escapes me. No, no, let us follow him; old Acharnians like ourselves shall not be set at naught by a scoundrel, who has dared, great gods! to conclude a truce, when I wanted the war continued with double fury in order to avenge my ruined lands. No mercy for our foes until I have pierced their hearts like a sharp reed, so that they dare never again ravage my vineyards. Come, let us seek the rascal; let us look everywhere, carrying our stones in our hands; let us hunt him from place to place until we trap him; I could never, never tire of the delight of stoning him.

DICÆOPOLIS
Peace! profane men!^[42]

CHORUS
Silence all! Friends, do you hear the sacred formula? Here is he, whom we seek! This way, all! Get out of his way, surely he comes to offer an oblation.

DICÆOPOLIS
Peace, profane men! Let the basket-bearer^[43] come forward, and thou, Xanthias, hold the phallus well upright.^[44]

WIFE OF DICÆOPOLIS
Daughter, set down the basket and let us begin the sacrifice.

DAUGHTER OF DICÆOPOLIS
Mother, hand me the ladle, that I may spread the sauce on the cake.

DICÆOPOLIS
It is well! Oh, mighty Bacchus, it is with joy that, freed from military duty, I and all mine perform this solemn rite and offer thee this sacrifice; grant, that I may keep the rural Dionysia without hindrance and that this truce of thirty years may be propitious for me.

WIFE OF DICÆOPOLIS
Come, my child, carry the basket gracefully and with a grave, demure face. Happy he, who shall be your possessor and embrace you so firmly at dawn,^[45] that you belch wind like a weasel. Go forward, and have a care they don't snatch your jewels in the crowd.

DICÆOPOLIS
Xanthias, walk behind the basket-bearer and hold the phallus well erect; I will follow, singing the Phallic hymn; thou, wife, look on from the top of the terrace.^[46] Forward! Oh, Phales,^[47] companion of the orgies of Bacchus, night reveller, god of adultery, friend of young men, these past six^[48] years I have not been able to invoke thee. With what joy I return to my farmstead, thanks to the truce I have concluded, freed from cares, from fighting and from Lamachuses!^[49] How much sweeter, Phales, oh, Phales, is it to surprise Thratta, the pretty wood-maid, Strymodorus' slave, stealing wood from Mount Phelleus, to catch her under the arms, to throw her on the ground and possess her! Oh, Phales, Phales! If thou wilt drink and bemuse thyself with me, we will to-morrow consume some good dish in honour of the peace, and I will hang up my buckler over the smoking hearth.

CHORUS
It is he, he himself. Stone him, stone him, stone him, strike the wretch. All, all of you, pelt him, pelt him!

DICÆOPOLIS
What is this? By Heracles, you will smash my pot.^[50]

CHORUS
It is you that we are stoning, you miserable scoundrel.

DICÆOPOLIS
And for what sin, Acharnian Elders, tell me that!

CHORUS
You ask that, you impudent rascal, traitor to your country; you alone amongst us all have concluded a truce, and you dare to look us in the face!

DICÆOPOLIS
But you do not know why I have treated for peace. Listen!

CHORUS
Listen to you? No, no, you are about to die, we will annihilate you with our stones.

DICÆOPOLIS
But first of all, listen. Stop, my friends.

CHORUS
I will hear nothing; do not address me; I hate you more than I do Cleon,^[51] whom one day I shall flay to make sandals for the Knights. Listen to your long speeches, after you have treated with the Laconians! No, I will punish you.

DICÆOPOLIS
Friends, leave the Laconians out of debate and consider only whether I have not done well to conclude my truce.

CHORUS
Done well! when you have treated with a people who know neither gods, nor truth, nor faith.

DICÆOPOLIS
We attribute too much to the Laconians; as for myself, I know that they are not the cause of all our troubles.

CHORUS
Oh, indeed, rascal! You dare to use such language to me and then expect me to spare you!

DICÆOPOLIS
No, no, they are not the cause of all our troubles, and I who address you claim to be able to prove that they have much to complain of in us.

CHORUS
This passes endurance; my heart bounds with fury. Thus you dare to defend our enemies.

DICÆOPOLIS
Were my head on the block I would uphold what I say and rely on the approval of the people.

CHORUS
Comrades, let us hurl our stones and dye this fellow purple.

DICÆOPOLIS
What black fire-brand has inflamed your heart! You will not hear me? You really will not, Acharnians?

CHORUS
No, a thousand times, no.

DICÆOPOLIS
This is a hateful injustice.

CHORUS
May I die, if I listen.

DICÆOPOLIS
Nay, nay! have mercy, have mercy, Acharnians.

CHORUS
You shall die.

DICÆOPOLIS
Well, blood for blood! I will kill your dearest friend. I have here the hostages of Acharnæ;^[52] I shall disembowel them.

CHORUS
Acharnians, what means this threat? Has he got one of our children in his house? What gives him such audacity?

DICÆOPOLIS
Stone me, if it please you; I shall avenge myself on this. (Shows a basket.) Let us see whether you have any love for your coals.

CHORUS
Great gods! this basket is our fellow-citizen. Stop, stop, in heaven's name!

DICÆOPOLIS
I shall dismember it despite your cries; I will listen to nothing.

CHORUS
How! will you kill this coal-basket, my beloved comrade?

DICÆOPOLIS
Just now, you did not listen to me.

CHORUS
Well, speak now, if you will; tell us, tell us you have a weakness for the Lacedæmonians. I consent to anything; never will I forsake this dear little basket.

DICÆOPOLIS
First, throw down your stones.

CHORUS
There! 'tis done. And you, do you put away your sword.

DICÆOPOLIS
Let me see that no stones remain concealed in your cloaks.

CHORUS
They are all on the ground; see how we shake our garments. Come, no haggling, lay down your sword; we threw away everything while crossing from one side of the stage to the other.^[53]

DICÆOPOLIS
What cries of anguish you would have uttered had these coals of Parnes^[54] been dismembered, and yet it came very near it; had they perished, their death would have been due to the folly of their fellow-citizens. The poor basket was so frightened, look, it has shed a thick black dust over me, the same as a cuttle-fish does. What an irritable temper! You shout and throw stones, you will not hear my arguments—not even when I propose to speak in favour of the Lacedæmonians with my head on the block; and yet I cling to my life.

CHORUS
Well then, bring out a block before your door, scoundrel, and let us hear the good grounds you can give us; I am curious to know them. Now mind, as you proposed yourself, place your head on the block and speak.

DICÆOPOLIS
Here is the block; and, though I am but a very sorry speaker, I wish nevertheless to talk freely of the Lacedæmonians and without the protection of my buckler. Yet I have many reasons for fear. I know our rustics; they are delighted if some braggart comes, and rightly or wrongly loads both them and their city with praise and flattery; they do not see that such toad-eaters^[55] are traitors, who sell them for gain. As for the old men, I know their weakness; they only seek to overwhelm the accused with their votes.^[56] Nor have I forgotten how Cleon treated me because of my comedy last year;^[57] he dragged me before the Senate and there he uttered endless slanders against me; 'twas a tempest of abuse, a deluge of lies. Through what a slough of mud he dragged me! I nigh perished. Permit me, therefore, before I speak, to dress in the manner most likely to draw pity.

CHORUS
What evasions, subterfuges and delays! Hold! here is the sombre helmet of Pluto with its thick bristling plume; Hieronymus^[58] lends it to you; then open Sisyphus'^[59] bag of wiles; but hurry, hurry, pray, for our discussion does not admit of delay.

DICÆOPOLIS
The time has come for me to manifest my courage, so I will go and seek Euripides. Ho! slave, slave!

SLAVE
Who's there?

DICÆOPOLIS
Is Euripides at home?

SLAVE
He is and he isn't; understand that, if you have wit for't.

DICÆOPOLIS
How? He is and he isn't!^[60]

SLAVE
Certainly, old man; busy gathering subtle fancies here and there, his mind is not in the house, but he himself is; perched aloft, he is composing a tragedy.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, Euripides, you are indeed happy to have a slave so quick at repartee! Now, fellow, call your master.

SLAVE
Impossible!

DICÆOPOLIS
So much the worse. But I will not go. Come, let us knock at the door. Euripides, my little Euripides, my darling Euripides, listen; never had man greater right to your pity. It is Dicæopolis of the Chollidan Deme who calls you. Do you hear?

EURIPIDES
I have no time to waste.

DICÆOPOLIS
Very well, have yourself wheeled out here.^[61]

EURIPIDES
Impossible.

DICÆOPOLIS
Nevertheless….

EURIPIDES
Well, let them roll me out; as to coming down, I have not the time.

DICÆOPOLIS
Euripides….

EURIPIDES
What words strike my ear?

DICÆOPOLIS
You perch aloft to compose tragedies, when you might just as well do them on the ground. I am not astonished at your introducing cripples on the stage.^[62] And why dress in these miserable tragic rags? I do not wonder that your heroes are beggars. But, Euripides, on my knees I beseech you, give me the tatters of some old piece: for I have to treat the Chorus to a long speech, and if I do it ill it is all over with me.

EURIPIDES
What rags do you prefer? Those in which I rigged out Æneus^[63] on the stage, that unhappy, miserable old man?

DICÆOPOLIS
No, I want those of some hero still more unfortunate.

EURIPIDES
Of Phœnix, the blind man?

DICÆOPOLIS
No, not of Phœnix, you have another hero more unfortunate than him.

EURIPIDES
Now, what tatters does he want? Do you mean those of the beggar Philoctetes?

DICÆOPOLIS
No, of another far more the mendicant.

EURIPIDES
Is it the filthy dress of the lame fellow, Bellerophon?

DICÆOPOLIS
No, 'tis not Bellerophon; he, whom I mean, was not only lame and a beggar, but boastful and a fine speaker.

EURIPIDES
Ah! I know, it is Telephus, the Mysian.

DICÆOPOLIS
Yes, Telephus. Give me his rags, I beg of you.

EURIPIDES
Slave! give him Telephus' tatters; they are on top of the rags of Thyestes and mixed with those of Ino.

SLAVE
Catch hold! here they are.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! Zeus, whose eye pierces everywhere and embraces all, permit me to assume the most wretched dress on earth. Euripides, cap your kindness by giving me the little Mysian hat, that goes so well with these tatters. I must to-day have the look of a beggar; "be what I am, but not appear to be";^[64] the audience will know well who I am, but the Chorus will be fools enough not to, and I shall dupe 'em with my subtle phrases.

EURIPIDES
I will give you the hat; I love the clever tricks of an ingenious brain like yours.

DICÆOPOLIS
Rest happy, and may it befall Telephus as I wish. Ah! I already feel myself filled with quibbles. But I must have a beggar's staff.

EURIPIDES
Here you are, and now get you gone from this porch.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, my soul! You see how you are driven from this house, when I still need so many accessories. But let us be pressing, obstinate, importunate. Euripides, give me a little basket with a lamp alight inside.

EURIPIDES
Whatever do you want such a thing as that for?

DICÆOPOLIS
I do not need it, but I want it all the same.

EURIPIDES
You importune me; get you gone!

DICÆOPOLIS
Alas! may the gods grant you a destiny as brilliant as your mother's.^[65]

EURIPIDES
Leave me in peace.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! just a little broken cup.

EURIPIDES
Take it and go and hang yourself. What a tiresome fellow!

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! you do not know all the pain you cause me. Dear, good Euripides, nothing beyond a small pipkin stoppered with a sponge.

EURIPIDES
Miserable man! You are robbing me of an entire tragedy.^[66] Here, take it and be off.

DICÆOPOLIS
I am going, but, great gods! I need one thing more; unless I have it, I am a dead man. Hearken, my little Euripides, only give me this and I go, never to return. For pity's sake, do give me a few small herbs for my basket.

EURIPIDES
You wish to ruin me then. Here, take what you want; but it is all over with my pieces!

DICÆOPOLIS
I won't ask another thing; I'm going. I am too importunate and forget that I rouse against me the hate of kings.—Ah! wretch that I am! I am lost! I have forgotten one thing, without which all the rest is as nothing. Euripides, my excellent Euripides, my dear little Euripides, may I die if I ask you again for the smallest present; only one, the last, absolutely the last; give me some of the chervil your mother left you in her will.

EURIPIDES
Insolent hound! Slave, lock the door.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, my soul! I must go away without the chervil. Art thou sensible of the dangerous battle we are about to engage upon in defending the Lacedæmonians? Courage, my soul, we must plunge into the midst of it. Dost thou hesitate and art thou fully steeped in Euripides? That's right! do not falter, my poor heart, and let us risk our head to say what we hold for truth. Courage and boldly to the front. I wonder I am so brave!

CHORUS
What do you purport doing? what are you going to say? What an impudent fellow! what a brazen heart! To dare to stake his head and uphold an opinion contrary to that of us all! And he does not tremble to face this peril! Come, it is you who desired it, speak!

DICÆOPOLIS
Spectators, be not angered if, although I am a beggar, I dare in a Comedy to speak before the people of Athens of the public weal; Comedy too can sometimes discern what is right. I shall not please, but I shall say what is true. Besides, Cleon shall not be able to accuse me of attacking Athens before strangers;^[67] we are by ourselves at the festival of the Lenæa; the period when our allies send us their tribute and their soldiers is not yet. Here is only the pure wheat without chaff; as to the resident strangers settled among us, they and the citizens are one, like the straw and the ear.

I detest the Lacedæmonians with all my heart, and may Posidon, the god of Tænarus,^[68] cause an earthquake and overturn their dwellings! My vines also have been cut. But come (there are only friends who hear me), why accuse the Laconians of all our woes? Some men (I do not say the city, note particularly, that I do not say the city), some wretches, lost in vices, bereft of honour, who were not even citizens of good stamp, but strangers, have accused the Megarians of introducing their produce fraudulently, and not a cucumber, a leveret, a sucking-pig, a clove of garlic, a lump of salt was seen without its being said, "Halloa! these come from Megara," and their being instantly confiscated. Thus far the evil was not serious, and we were the only sufferers. But now some young drunkards go to Megara and carry off the courtesan Simætha; the Megarians, hurt to the quick, run off in turn with two harlots of the house of Aspasia; and so for three gay women Greece is set ablaze. Then Pericles, aflame with ire on his Olympian height, let loose the lightning, caused the thunder to roll, upset Greece and passed an edict, which ran like the song, "That the Megarians be banished both from our land and from our markets and from the sea and from the continent."^[69] Meanwhile the Megarians, who were beginning to die of hunger, begged the Lacedæmonians to bring about the abolition of the decree, of which those harlots were the cause; several times we refused their demand; and from that time there was a horrible clatter of arms everywhere. You will say that Sparta was wrong, but what should she have done? Answer that. Suppose that a Lacedæmonian had seized a little Seriphian^[70] dog on any pretext and had sold it, would you have endured it quietly? Far from it, you would at once have sent three hundred vessels to sea, and what an uproar there would have been through all the city! there 'tis a band of noisy soldiery, here a brawl about the election of a Trierarch; elsewhere pay is being distributed, the Pallas figure-heads are being regilded, crowds are surging under the market porticos, encumbered with wheat that is being measured, wine-skins, oar-leathers, garlic, olives, onions in nets; everywhere are chaplets, sprats, flute-girls, black eyes; in the arsenal bolts are being noisily driven home, sweeps are being made and fitted with leathers; we hear nothing but the sound of whistles, of flutes and fifes to encourage the work-folk. That is what you assuredly would have done, and would not Telephus have done the same? So I come to my general conclusion; we have no common sense.

FIRST SEMI-CHORUS
Oh! wretch! oh! infamous man! You are naught but a beggar and yet you dare to talk to us like this! you insult their worships the informers!

SECOND SEMI-CHORUS
By Posidon! he speaks the truth; he has not lied in a single detail.

FIRST SEMI-CHORUS
But though it be true, need he say it? But you'll have no great cause to be proud of your insolence!

SECOND SEMI-CHORUS
Where are you running to? Don't you move; if you strike this man I shall be at you.

FIRST SEMI-CHORUS
Lamachus, whose glance flashes lightning, whose plume petrifies thy foes, help! Oh! Lamachus, my friend, the hero of my tribe and all of you, both officers and soldiers, defenders of our walls, come to my aid; else is it all over with me!

LAMACHUS
Whence comes this cry of battle? where must I bring my aid? where must I sow dread? who wants me to uncase my dreadful Gorgon's head?^[71]

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, Lamachus, great hero! Your plumes and your cohorts terrify me.

CHORUS
This man, Lamachus, incessantly abuses Athens.

LAMACHUS
You are but a mendicant and you dare to use language of this sort?

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh, brave Lamachus, forgive a beggar who speaks at hazard.

LAMACHUS
But what have you said? Let us hear.

DICÆOPOLIS
I know nothing about it; the sight of weapons makes me dizzy. Oh! I adjure you, take that fearful Gorgon somewhat farther away.

LAMACHUS
There.

DICÆOPOLIS
Now place it face downwards on the ground.

LAMACHUS
It is done.

DICÆOPOLIS
Give me a plume out of your helmet.

LAMACHUS
Here is a feather.

DICÆOPOLIS
And hold my head while I vomit; the plumes have turned my stomach.

LAMACHUS
Hah! what are you proposing to do? do you want to make yourself vomit with this feather?

DICÆOPOLIS
Is it a feather? what bird's? a braggart's?

LAMACHUS
Ah! ah! I will rip you open.

DICÆOPOLIS
No, no, Lamachus! Violence is out of place here! But as you are so strong, why did you not circumcise me? You have all you want for the operation there.

LAMACHUS
A beggar dares thus address a general!

DICÆOPOLIS
How? Am I a beggar?

LAMACHUS
What are you then?

DICÆOPOLIS
Who am I? A good citizen, not ambitious; a soldier, who has fought well since the outbreak of the war, whereas you are but a vile mercenary.

LAMACHUS
They elected me….

DICÆOPOLIS
Yes, three cuckoos did!^[72] If I have concluded peace, 'twas disgust that drove me; for I see men with hoary heads in the ranks and young fellows of your age shirking service. Some are in Thrace getting an allowance of three drachmæ, such fellows as Tisameophœnippus and Panurgipparchides. The others are with Chares or in Chaonia, men like Geretotheodorus and Diomialazon; there are some of the same kidney, too, at Camarina and at Gela,^[73] the laughing-stock of all and sundry.

LAMACHUS
They were elected.

DICÆOPOLIS
And why do you always receive your pay, when none of these others ever get any? Speak, Marilades, you have grey hair; well then, have you ever been entrusted with a mission? See! he shakes his head. Yet he is an active as well as a prudent man. And you, Dracyllus, Euphorides or Prinides, have you knowledge of Ecbatana or Chaonia? You say no, do you not? Such offices are good for the son of Cæsyra^[74] and Lamachus, who, but yesterday ruined with debt, never pay their shot, and whom all their friends avoid as foot passengers dodge the folks who empty their slops out of window.

LAMACHUS
Oh! in freedom's name! are such exaggerations to be borne?

DICÆOPOLIS
Lamachus is well content; no doubt he is well paid, you know.

LAMACHUS
But I propose always to war with the Peloponnesians, both at sea, on land and everywhere to make them tremble, and trounce them soundly.

DICÆOPOLIS
For my own part, I make proclamation to all Peloponnesians, Megarians and Bœotians, that to them my markets are open; but I debar Lamachus from entering them.

CHORUS
Convinced by this man's speech, the folk have changed their view and approve him for having concluded peace. But let us prepare for the recital of the parabasis.^[75]

Never since our poet presented Comedies, has he praised himself upon the stage; but, having been slandered by his enemies amongst the volatile Athenians, accused of scoffing at his country and of insulting the people, to-day he wishes to reply and regain for himself the inconstant Athenians. He maintains that he has done much that is good for you; if you no longer allow yourselves to be too much hoodwinked by strangers or seduced by flattery, if in politics you are no longer the ninnies you once were, it is thanks to him. Formerly, when delegates from other cities wanted to deceive you, they had but to style you, "the people crowned with violets," and, at the word "violets" you at once sat erect on the tips of your bums. Or, if to tickle your vanity, someone spoke of "rich and sleek Athens," in return for that 'sleekness' he would get all, because he spoke of you as he would have of anchovies in oil. In cautioning you against such wiles, the poet has done you great service as well as in forcing you to understand what is really the democratic principle. Thus, the strangers, who came to pay their tributes, wanted to see this great poet, who had dared to speak the truth to Athens. And so far has the fame of his boldness reached that one day the Great King, when questioning the Lacedæmonian delegates, first asked them which of the two rival cities was the superior at sea, and then immediately demanded at which it was that the comic poet directed his biting satire. "Happy that city," he added, "if it listens to his counsel; it will grow in power, and its victory is assured." This is why the Lacedæmonians offer you peace, if you will cede them Ægina; not that they care for the isle, but they wish to rob you of your poet.^[76] As for you, never lose him, who will always fight for the cause of justice in his Comedies; he promises you that his precepts will lead you to happiness, though he uses neither flattery, nor bribery, nor intrigue, nor deceit; instead of loading you with praise, he will point you to the better way. I scoff at Cleon's tricks and plotting; honesty and justice shall fight my cause; never will you find me a political poltroon, a prostitute to the highest bidder.

I invoke thee, Acharnian Muse, fierce and fell as the devouring fire; sudden as the spark that bursts from the crackling oaken coal when roused by the quickening fan to fry little fishes, while others knead the dough or whip the sharp Thasian pickle with rapid hand, so break forth, my Muse, and inspire thy tribesmen with rough, vigorous, stirring strains.

We others, now old men and heavy with years, we reproach the city; so many are the victories we have gained for the Athenian fleets that we well deserve to be cared for in our declining life; yet far from this, we are ill-used, harassed with law-suits, delivered over to the scorn of stripling orators. Our minds and bodies being ravaged with age, Posidon should protect us, yet we have no other support than a staff. When standing before the judge, we can scarcely stammer forth the fewest words, and of justice we see but its barest shadow, whereas the accuser, desirous of conciliating the younger men, overwhelms us with his ready rhetoric; he drags us before the judge, presses us with questions, lays traps for us; the onslaught troubles, upsets and rends poor old Tithonus, who, crushed with age, stands tongue-tied; sentenced to a fine,^[77] he weeps, he sobs and says to his friend, "This fine robs me of the last trifle that was to have bought my coffin."

Is this not a scandal? What! the clepsydra^[78] is to kill the white-haired veteran, who, in fierce fighting, has so oft covered himself with glorious sweat, whose valour at Marathon saved the country! 'Twas we who pursued on the field of Marathon, whereas now 'tis wretches who pursue us to the death and crush us! What would Marpsias reply to this?^[79] What an injustice, that a man, bent with age like Thucydides, should be brow-beaten by this braggart advocate, Cephisodemus,^[80] who is as savage as the Scythian desert he was born in! Is it not to convict him from the outset? I wept tears of pity when I saw an Archer^[81] maltreat this old man, who, by Ceres, when he was young and the true Thucydides, would not have permitted an insult from Ceres herself! At that date he would have floored ten miserable orators, he would have terrified three thousand Archers with his shouts; he would have pierced the whole line of the enemy with his shafts. Ah! but if you will not leave the aged in peace, decree that the advocates be matched; thus the old man will only be confronted with a toothless greybeard, the young will fight with the braggart, the ignoble with the son of Clinias^[82]; make a law that in future, the old man can only be summoned and convicted at the courts by the aged and the young man by the youth.

DICÆOPOLIS
These are the confines of my market-place. All Peloponnesians, Megarians, Bœotians, have the right to come and trade here, provided they sell their wares to me and not to Lamachus. As market-inspectors I appoint these three whips of Leprean^[83] leather, chosen by lot. Warned away are all informers and all men of Phasis.^[84] They are bringing me the pillar on which the treaty is inscribed^[85] and I shall erect it in the centre of the market, well in sight of all.

A MEGARIAN
Hail! market of Athens, beloved of Megarians. Let Zeus, the patron of friendship, witness, I regretted you as a mother mourns her son. Come, poor little daughters of an unfortunate father, try to find something to eat; listen to me with the full heed of an empty belly. Which would you prefer? To be sold or to cry with hunger.

DAUGHTERS
To be sold, to be sold!

MEGARIAN
That is my opinion too. But who would make so sorry a deal as to buy you? Ah! I recall me a Megarian trick; I am going to disguise you as little porkers, that I am offering for sale. Fit your hands with these hoofs and take care to appear the issue of a sow of good breed, for, if I am forced to take you back to the house, by Hermes! you will suffer cruelly of hunger! Then fix on these snouts and cram yourselves into this sack. Forget not to grunt and to say wee-wee like the little pigs that are sacrificed in the Mysteries. I must summon Dicæopolis. Where is he? Dicæopolis, will you buy some nice little porkers?

DICÆOPOLIS
Who are you? a Megarian?

MEGARIAN
I have come to your market.

DICÆOPOLIS
Well, how are things at Megara?^[86]

MEGARIAN
We are crying with hunger at our firesides.

DICÆOPOLIS
The fireside is jolly enough with a piper. But what else is doing at Megara, eh?

MEGARIAN
What else? When I left for the market, the authorities were taking steps to let us die in the quickest manner.

DICÆOPOLIS
That is the best way to get you out of all your troubles.

MEGARIAN
True.

DICÆOPOLIS
What other news of Megara? What is wheat selling at?

MEGARIAN
With us it is valued as highly as the very gods in heaven!

DICÆOPOLIS
Is it salt that you are bringing?

MEGARIAN
Are you not holding back the salt?

DICÆOPOLIS
'Tis garlic then?

MEGARIAN
What! garlic! do you not at every raid grub up the ground with your pikes to pull out every single head?

DICÆOPOLIS
What do you bring then?

MEGARIAN
Little sows, like those they immolate at the Mysteries.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! very well, show me them.

MEGARIAN
They are very fine; feel their weight. See! how fat and fine.

DICÆOPOLIS
But what is this?

MEGARIAN
A sow, for a certainty.^[87]

DICÆOPOLIS
You say a sow! of what country, then?

MEGARIAN
From Megara. What! is that not a sow then?

DICÆOPOLIS
No, I don't believe it is.

MEGARIAN
This is too much! what an incredulous man! He says 'tis not a sow; but we will stake, an you will, a measure of salt ground up with thyme, that in good Greek this is called a sow and nothing else.

DICÆOPOLIS
But a sow of the human kind.

MEGARIAN
Without question, by Diocles! of my own breed! Well! What think you? will you hear them squeal?

DICÆOPOLIS
Well, yes, i' faith, I will.

MEGARIAN
Cry quickly, wee sowlet; squeak up, hussy, or by Hermes! I take you back to the house.

GIRL
Wee-wee, wee-wee!

MEGARIAN
Is that a little sow, or not?

DICÆOPOLIS
Yes, it seems so; but let it grow up, and it will be a fine fat cunt.

MEGARIAN
In five years it will be just like its mother.

DICÆOPOLIS
But it cannot be sacrificed.

MEGARIAN
And why not?

DICÆOPOLIS
It has no tail.^[88]

MEGARIAN
Because it is quite young, but in good time it will have a big one, thick and red.

DICÆOPOLIS
The two are as like as two peas.

MEGARIAN
They are born of the same father and mother; let them be fattened, let them grow their bristles, and they will be the finest sows you can offer to Aphrodité.

DICÆOPOLIS
But sows are not immolated to Aphrodité.

MEGARIAN
Not sows to Aphrodité! Why, 'tis the only goddess to whom they are offered! the flesh of my sows will be excellent on the spit.

DICÆOPOLIS
Can they eat alone? They no longer need their mother!

MEGARIAN
Certainly not, nor their father.

DICÆOPOLIS
What do they like most?

MEGARIAN
Whatever is given them; but ask for yourself.

DICÆOPOLIS
Speak! little sow.

DAUGHTER
Wee-wee, wee-wee!

DICÆOPOLIS
Can you eat chick-pease?^[89]

DAUGHTER
Wee-wee, wee-wee, wee-wee!

DICÆOPOLIS
And Attic figs?

DAUGHTER
Wee-wee, wee-wee!

DICÆOPOLIS
What sharp squeaks at the name of figs. Come, let some figs be brought for these little pigs. Will they eat them? Goodness! how they munch them, what a grinding of teeth, mighty Heracles! I believe those pigs hail from the land of the Voracians. But surely, 'tis impossible they have bolted all the figs!

MEGARIAN
Yes, certainly, bar this one that I took from them.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! what funny creatures! For what sum will you sell them?

MEGARIAN
I will give you one for a bunch of garlic, and the other, if you like, for a quart measure of salt.

DICÆOPOLIS
I buy them of you. Wait for me here.

MEGARIAN
The deal is done. Hermes, god of good traders, grant I may sell both my wife and my mother in the same way!

AN INFORMER
Hi! fellow, what countryman are you?

MEGARIAN
I am a pig-merchant from Megara.

INFORMER
I shall denounce both your pigs and yourself as public enemies.

MEGARIAN
Ah! here our troubles begin afresh!

INFORMER
Let go that sack. I will punish your Megarian lingo.^[90]

MEGARIAN
Dicæopolis, Dicæopolis, they want to denounce me.

DICÆOPOLIS
Who dares do this thing? Inspectors, drive out the Informers. Ah! you offer to enlighten us without a lamp!^[91]

INFORMER
What! I may not denounce our enemies?

DICÆOPOLIS
Have a care for yourself, if you don't go off pretty quick to denounce elsewhere.

MEGARIAN
What a plague to Athens!

DICÆOPOLIS
Be reassured, Megarian. Here is the value of your two swine, the garlic and the salt. Farewell and much happiness!

MEGARIAN
Ah! we never have that amongst us.

DICÆOPOLIS
Well! may the inopportune wish apply to myself.

MEGARIAN
Farewell, dear little sows, and seek, far from your father, to munch your bread with salt, if they give you any.

CHORUS
Here is a man truly happy. See how everything succeeds to his wish. Peacefully seated in his market, he will earn his living; woe to Ctesias,^[92] and all other informers, who dare to enter there! You will not be cheated as to the value of wares, you will not again see Prepis^[93] wiping his foul rump, nor will Cleonymus^[94] jostle you; you will take your walks, clothed in a fine tunic, without meeting Hyperbolus^[95] and his unceasing quibblings, without being accosted on the public place by any importunate fellow, neither by Cratinus,^[96] shaven in the fashion of the debauchees, nor by this musician, who plagues us with his silly improvisations, Artemo, with his arm-pits stinking as foul as a goat, like his father before him. You will not be the butt of the villainous Pauson's^[97] jeers, nor of Lysistratus,^[98] the disgrace of the Cholargian deme, who is the incarnation of all the vices, and endures cold and hunger more than thirty days in the month.

A BŒOTIAN
By Heracles! my shoulder is quite black and blue. Ismenias, put the penny-royal down there very gently, and all of you, musicians from Thebes, pipe with your bone flutes into a dog's rump.^[99]

DICÆOPOLIS
Enough, enough, get you gone. Rascally hornets, away with you! Whence has sprung this accursed swarm of Cheris^[100] fellows which comes assailing my door?

BŒOTIAN
Ah! by Iolas!^[101] Drive them off, my dear host, you will please me immensely; all the way from Thebes, they were there piping behind me and have completely stripped my penny-royal of its blossom. But will you buy anything of me, some chickens or some locusts?

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! good day, Bœotian, eater of good round loaves.^[102] What do you bring?

BŒOTIAN
All that is good in Bœotia, marjoram, penny-royal, rush-mats, lamp-wicks, ducks, jays, woodcocks, waterfowl, wrens, divers.

DICÆOPOLIS
'Tis a very hail of birds that beats down on my market.

BŒOTIAN
I also bring geese, hares, foxes, moles, hedgehogs, cats, lyres, martins, otters and eels from the Copaic lake.^[103]

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! my friend, you, who bring me the most delicious of fish, let me salute your eels.

BŒOTIAN
Come, thou, the eldest of my fifty Copaic virgins, come and complete the joy of our host.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! my well-beloved, thou object of my long regrets, thou art here at last then, thou, after whom the comic poets sigh, thou, who art dear to Morychus.^[104] Slaves, hither with the stove and the bellows. Look at this charming eel, that returns to us after six long years of absence.^[105] Salute it, my children; as for myself, I will supply coal to do honour to the stranger. Take it into my house; death itself could not separate me from her, if cooked with beet leaves.

BŒOTIAN
And what will you give me in return?

DICÆOPOLIS
It will pay for your market dues. And as to the rest, what do you wish to sell me?

BŒOTIAN
Why, everything.

DICÆOPOLIS
On what terms? For ready-money or in wares from these parts?

BŒOTIAN
I would take some Athenian produce, that we have not got in Bœotia.

DICÆOPOLIS
Phaleric anchovies, pottery?

BŒOTIAN
Anchovies, pottery? But these we have. I want produce that is wanting with us and that is plentiful here.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! I have the very thing; take away an Informer, packed up carefully as crockery-ware.

BŒOTIAN
By the twin gods! I should earn big money, if I took one; I would exhibit him as an ape full of spite.

DICÆOPOLIS
Hah! here we have Nicarchus,^[106] who comes to denounce you.

BŒOTIAN
How small he is!

DICÆOPOLIS
But in his case the whole is one mass of ill-nature.

NICARCHUS
Whose are these goods?

DICÆOPOLIS
Mine; they come from Bœotia, I call Zeus to witness.

NICARCHUS
I denounce them as coming from an enemy's country.

BŒOTIAN
What! you declare war against birds?

NICARCHUS
And I am going to denounce you too.

BŒOTIAN
What harm have I done you?

NICARCHUS
I will say it for the benefit of those that listen; you introduce lamp-wicks from an enemy's country.

DICÆOPOLIS
Then you go as far as denouncing a wick.

NICARCHUS
It needs but one to set an arsenal afire.

DICÆOPOLIS
A wick set an arsenal ablaze! But how, great gods?

NICARCHUS
Should a Bœotian attach it to an insect's wing, and, taking advantage of a violent north wind, throw it by means of a tube into the arsenal and the fire once get hold of the vessels, everything would soon be devoured by the flames.

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! wretch! an insect and a wick would devour everything. (He strikes him.)

NICARCHUS (to the Chorus)
You will bear witness, that he mishandles me.

DICÆOPOLIS
Shut his mouth. Give him some hay; I am going to pack him up as a vase, that he may not get broken on the road.

CHORUS
Pack up your goods carefully, friend; that the stranger may not break it when taking it away.

DICÆOPOLIS
I shall take great care with it, for one would say he is cracked already; he rings with a false note, which the gods abhor.

CHORUS
But what will be done with him?

DICÆOPOLIS
This is a vase good for all purposes; it will be used as a vessel for holding all foul things, a mortar for pounding together law-suits, a lamp for spying upon accounts, and as a cup for the mixing up and poisoning of everything.

CHORUS
None could ever trust a vessel for domestic use that has such a ring about it.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! it is strong, my friend, and will never get broken, if care is taken to hang it head downwards.

CHORUS
There! it is well packed now!

BŒOTIAN
Marry, I will proceed to carry off my bundle.

CHORUS
Farewell, worthiest of strangers, take this Informer, good for anything, and fling him where you like.

DICÆOPOLIS
Bah! this rogue has given me enough trouble to pack! Here! Bœotian, pick up your pottery.

BŒOTIAN
Stoop, Ismenias, that I may put it on your shoulder, and be very careful with it.

DICÆOPOLIS
You carry nothing worth having; however, take it, for you will profit by your bargain; the Informers will bring you luck.

A SERVANT OF LAMACHUS
Dicæopolis!

DICÆOPOLIS
What do want crying this gait?

SERVANT
Lamachus wants to keep the Feast of Cups,^[107] and I come by his order to bid you one drachma for some thrushes and three more for a Copaic eel.

DICÆOPOLIS
And who is this Lamachus, who demands an eel?

SERVANT
'Tis the terrible, indefatigable Lamachus, he, who is always brandishing his fearful Gorgon's head and the three plumes which o'ershadow his helmet.

DICÆOPOLIS
No, no, he will get nothing, even though he gave me his buckler. Let him eat salt fish, while he shakes his plumes, and, if he comes here making any din, I shall call the inspectors. As for myself, I shall take away all these goods; I go home on thrushes' wings and blackbirds' pinions.^[108]

CHORUS
You see, citizens, you see the good fortune which this man owes to his prudence, to his profound wisdom. You see how, since he has concluded peace, he buys what is useful in the household and good to eat hot. All good things flow towards him unsought. Never will I welcome the god of war in my house; never shall he chant the 'Harmodius' at my table;^[109] he is a sot, who comes feasting with those who are overflowing with good things and brings all sorts of mischief at his heels. He overthrows, ruins, rips open; 'tis vain to make him a thousand offers, "be seated, pray, drink this cup, proffered in all friendship," he burns our vine-stocks and brutally pours out the wine from our vineyards on the ground. This man, on the other hand, covers his table with a thousand dishes; proud of his good fortunes, he has had these feathers cast before his door to show us how he lives.

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! Peace! companion of fair Aphrodité and of the sweet Graces, how charming are your features and yet I never knew it! Would that Eros might join me to thee, Eros, crowned with roses as Zeuxis^[110] shows him to us! Perhaps I seem somewhat old to you, but I am yet able to make you a threefold offering; despite my age, I could plant a long row of vines for you; then beside these some tender cuttings from the fig; finally a young vine-stock, loaded with fruit and all round the field olive trees, which would furnish us with oil, wherewith to anoint us both at the New Moons.

HERALD
List, ye people! As was the custom of your forebears, empty a full pitcher of wine at the call of the trumpet; he, who first sees the bottom, shall get a wine-skin as round and plump as Ctesiphon's belly.

DICÆOPOLIS
Women, children, have you not heard? Faith! do you not heed the herald? Quick! let the hares boil and roast merrily; keep them a-turning; withdraw them from the flame; prepare the chaplets; reach me the skewers that I may spit the thrushes.

CHORUS
I envy you your wisdom and even more your good cheer.

DICÆOPOLIS
What then will you say when you see the thrushes roasting?

CHORUS
Ah! true indeed!

DICÆOPOLIS
Slave! stir up the fire.

CHORUS
See, how he knows his business, what a perfect cook! How well he understands the way to prepare a good dinner!

A HUSBANDMAN
Ah! woe is me!

DICÆOPOLIS
Heracles! What have we here?

HUSBANDMAN
A most miserable man.

DICÆOPOLIS
Keep your misery for yourself.

HUSBANDMAN
Ah! friend! since you alone are enjoying peace, grant me a part of your truce, were it but five years.

DICÆOPOLIS
What has happened to you?

HUSBANDMAN
I am ruined; I have lost a pair of steers.

DICÆOPOLIS
How?

HUSBANDMAN
The Bœotians seized them at Phylé.^[111]

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! poor wretch! and yet you have not left off white?

HUSBANDMAN
Their dung made my wealth.

DICÆOPOLIS
What can I do in the matter?

HUSBANDMAN
Crying for my beasts has lost me my eyesight. Ah! if you care for poor Dercetes of Phylé, anoint mine eyes quickly with your balm of peace.

DICÆOPOLIS
But, my poor fellow, I do not practise medicine.

HUSBANDMAN
Come, I adjure you; perchance I shall recover my steers.

DICÆOPOLIS
'Tis impossible; away, go and whine to the disciples of Pittalus.^[112]

HUSBANDMAN
Grant me but one drop of peace; pour it into this reedlet.

DICÆOPOLIS
No, not a particle; go a-weeping elsewhere.

HUSBANDMAN
Oh! oh! oh! my poor beasts!

CHORUS
This man has discovered the sweetest enjoyment in peace; he will share it with none.

DICÆOPOLIS
Pour honey over this tripe; set it before the fire to dry.

CHORUS
What lofty tones he uses! Did you hear him?

DICÆOPOLIS
Get the eels on the gridiron!

CHORUS
You are killing me with hunger; your smoke is choking your neighbours, and you split our ears with your bawling.

DICÆOPOLIS
Have this fried and let it be nicely browned.

A BRIDESMAID
Dicæopolis! Dicæopolis!

DICÆOPOLIS
Who are you?

BRIDESMAID
A young bridegroom sends you these viands from the marriage feast.

DICÆOPOLIS
Whoever he be, I thank him.

BRIDESMAID
And in return, he prays you to pour a glass of peace into this vase, that he may not have to go to the front and may stay at home to do his duty to his young wife.

DICÆOPOLIS
Take back, take back your viands; for a thousand drachmæ I would not give a drop of peace; but who are you, pray?

BRIDESMAID
I am the bridesmaid; she wants to say something to you from the bride privately.

DICÆOPOLIS
Come, what do you wish to say? (The bridesmaid whispers in his ear.) Ah! what a ridiculous demand! The bride burns with longing to keep by her her husband's weapon. Come! bring hither my truce; to her alone will I give some of it, for she is a woman, and, as such, should not suffer under the war. Here, friend, reach hither your vial. And as to the manner of applying this balm, tell the bride, when a levy of soldiers is made to rub some in bed on her husband, where most needed. There, slave, take away my truce! Now, quick hither with the wine-flagon, that I may fill up the drinking bowls!

CHORUS
I see a man, striding along apace, with knitted brows; he seems to us the bearer of terrible tidings.

HERALD
Oh! toils and battles! 'tis Lamachus!

LAMACHUS
What noise resounds around my dwelling, where shines the glint of arms.

HERALD
The Generals order you forthwith to take your battalions and your plumes, and, despite the snow, to go and guard our borders. They have learnt that a band of Bœotians intend taking advantage of the feast of Cups to invade our country.

LAMACHUS
Ah! the Generals! they are numerous, but not good for much! It's cruel, not to be able to enjoy the feast!

DICÆOPOLIS
Oh! warlike host of Lamachus!

LAMACHUS
Wretch! do you dare to jeer me?

DICÆOPOLIS
Do you want to fight this four-winged Geryon?

LAMACHUS
Oh! oh! what fearful tidings!

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! ah! I see another herald running up; what news does he bring me?

HERALD
Dicæopolis!

DICÆOPOLIS
What is the matter?

HERALD
Come quickly to the feast and bring your basket and your cup; 'tis the priest of Bacchus who invites you. But hasten, the guests have been waiting for you a long while. All is ready—couches, tables, cushions, chaplets, perfumes, dainties and courtesans to boot; biscuits, cakes, sesamé-bread, tarts, and—lovely dancing women, the sweetest charm of the festivity. But come with all haste.

LAMACHUS
Oh! hostile gods!

DICÆOPOLIS
This is not astounding; you have chosen this huge, great ugly Gorgon's head for your patron. You, shut the door, and let someone get ready the meal.

LAMACHUS
Slave! slave! my knapsack!

DICÆOPOLIS
Slave! slave! a basket!

LAMACHUS
Take salt and thyme, slave, and don't forget the onions.

DICÆOPOLIS
Get some fish for me; I cannot bear onions.

LAMACHUS
Slave, wrap me up a little stale salt meat in a fig-leaf.

DICÆOPOLIS
And for me some good greasy tripe in a fig-leaf; I will have it cooked here.

LAMACHUS
Bring me the plumes for my helmet.

DICÆOPOLIS
Bring me wild pigeons and thrushes.

LAMACHUS
How white and beautiful are these ostrich feathers!

DICÆOPOLIS
How fat and well browned is the flesh of this wood-pigeon!

LAMACHUS
Bring me the case for my triple plume.

DICÆOPOLIS
Pass me over that dish of hare.

LAMACHUS
Oh! the moths have eaten the hair of my crest!

DICÆOPOLIS
I shall always eat hare before dinner.

LAMACHUS
Hi! friend! try not to scoff at my armour.

DICÆOPOLIS
Hi! friend! will you kindly not stare at my thrushes.

LAMACHUS
Hi! friend! will you kindly not address me.

DICÆOPOLIS
I do not address you; I am scolding my slave. Shall we wager and submit the matter to Lamachus, which of the two is the best to eat, a locust or a thrush?

LAMACHUS
Insolent hound!

DICÆOPOLIS
He much prefers the locusts.

LAMACHUS
Slave, unhook my spear and bring it to me.

DICÆOPOLIS
Slave, slave, take the sausage from the fire and bring it to me.

LAMACHUS
Come, let me draw my spear from its sheath. Hold it, slave, hold it tight.

DICÆOPOLIS
And you, slave, grip, grip well hold of the skewer.

LAMACHUS
Slave, the bracings for my shield.

DICÆOPOLIS
Pull the loaves out of the oven and bring me these bracings of my stomach.

LAMACHUS
My round buckler with the Gorgon's head.

DICÆOPOLIS
My round cheese-cake.

LAMACHUS
What clumsy wit!

DICÆOPOLIS
What delicious cheese-cake!

LAMACHUS
Pour oil on the buckler. Hah! hah! I can see an old man who will be accused of cowardice.

DICÆOPOLIS
Pour honey on the cake. Hah! hah! I can see an old man who makes Lamachus of the Gorgon's head weep with rage.

LAMACHUS
Slave, full war armour.

DICÆOPOLIS
Slave, my beaker; that is my armour.

LAMACHUS
With this I hold my ground with any foe.

DICÆOPOLIS
And I with this with any tosspot.

LAMACHUS
Fasten the strappings to the buckler; personally I shall carry the knapsack.

DICÆOPOLIS
Pack the dinner well into the basket; personally I shall carry the cloak.

LAMACHUS
Slave, take up the buckler and let's be off. It is snowing! Ah! 'tis a question of facing the winter.

DICÆOPOLIS
Take up the basket, 'tis a question of getting to the feast.

CHORUS
We wish you both joy on your journeys, which differ so much. One goes to mount guard and freeze, while the other will drink, crowned with flowers, and then sleep with a young beauty, who will rub his tool for him.

I say it freely; may Zeus confound Antimachus, the poet-historian, the son of Psacas! When Choregus at the Lenæa, alas! alas! he dismissed me dinnerless. May I see him devouring with his eyes a cuttle-fish, just served, well cooked, hot and properly salted; and the moment that he stretches his hand to help himself, may a dog seize it and run off with it. Such is my first wish. I also hope for him a misfortune at night. That returning all-fevered from horse practice, he may meet an Orestes,^[113] mad with drink, who breaks open his head; that wishing to seize a stone, he, in the dark, may pick up a fresh stool, hurl his missile, miss aim and hit Cratinus.^[114]

SLAVE OF LAMACHUS
Slaves of Lamachus! Water, water in a little pot! Make it warm, get ready cloths, cerate, greasy wool and bandages for his ankle. In leaping a ditch, the master has hurt himself against a stake; he has dislocated and twisted his ankle, broken his head by falling on a stone, while his Gorgon shot far away from his buckler. His mighty braggadocio plume rolled on the ground; at this sight he uttered these doleful words, "Radiant star, I gaze on thee for the last time; my eyes close to all light, I die." Having said this, he falls into the water, gets out again, meets some runaways and pursues the robbers with his spear at their backsides.^[115] But here he comes, himself. Get the door open.

LAMACHUS
Oh! heavens! oh! heavens! What cruel pain! I faint, I tremble! Alas! I die! the foe's lance has struck me! But what would hurt me most would be for Dicæopolis to see me wounded thus and laugh at my ill-fortune.

DICÆOPOLIS (enters with two courtesans)
Oh! my gods! what bosoms! Hard as a quince! Come, my treasures, give me voluptuous kisses! Glue your lips to mine. Haha! I was the first to empty my cup.

LAMACHUS
Oh! cruel fate! how I suffer! accursed wounds!

DICÆOPOLIS
Hah! hah! hail! Knight Lamachus! (Embraces Lamachus.)

LAMACHUS
By the hostile gods! (Bites Dicæopolis.)

DICÆOPOLIS
Ah! great gods!

LAMACHUS
Why do you embrace me?

DICÆOPOLIS
And why do you bite me?

LAMACHUS
'Twas a cruel score I was paying back!

DICÆOPOLIS
Scores are not evened at the feast of Cups!

LAMACHUS
Oh! Pæan, Pæan!

DICÆOPOLIS
But to-day is not the feast of Pæan.

LAMACHUS
Oh! support my leg, do; ah! hold it tenderly, my friends!

DICÆOPOLIS
And you, my darlings, take hold of my tool both of you!

LAMACHUS
This blow with the stone makes me dizzy; my sight grows dim.

DICÆOPOLIS
For myself, I want to get to bed; I am bursting with lustfulness, I want to be fucking in the dark.

LAMACHUS
Carry me to the surgeon Pittalus.

DICÆOPOLIS
Take me to the judges. Where is the king of the feast? The wine-skin is mine!

LAMACHUS
That spear has pierced my bones; what torture I endure!

DICÆOPOLIS
You see this empty cup! I triumph! I triumph!

CHORUS
Old man, I come at your bidding! You triumph! you triumph!

DICÆOPOLIS
Again I have brimmed my cup with unmixed wine and drained it at a draught!

CHORUS
You triumph then, brave champion; thine is the wine-skin!

DICÆOPOLIS
Follow me, singing "Triumph! Triumph!"

CHORUS
Aye! we will sing of thee, thee and thy sacred wine-skin, and we all, as we follow thee, will repeat in thine honour, "Triumph, Triumph!"

Notes

1. A name invented by Aristophanes and signifying 'a just citizen.'
2. Cleon had received five talents from the islanders subject to Athens, on condition that he should get the tribute payable by them reduced; when informed of this transaction, the Knights compelled him to return the money.
3. A hemistich borrowed from Euripides' 'Telephus.'
4. The tragedies of Æschylus continued to be played even after the poet's death, which occurred in 436 B.C., ten years before the production of the Acharnians.
5. A tragic poet, whose pieces were so devoid of warmth and life that he was nicknamed χιών, i.e. snow.
6. A bad musician, frequently ridiculed by Aristophanes; he played both the lyre and the flute.
7. A lively and elevated method.
8. A hill near the Acropolis, where the Assemblies were held.
9. Several means were used to force citizens to attend the assemblies; the shops were closed; circulation was only permitted in those streets which led to the Pnyx; finally, a rope covered with vermilion was drawn round those who dallied in the Agora (the marketplace), and the late-comers, ear-marked by the imprint of the rope, were fined.
10. Magistrates who, with the Archons and the Epistatæ, shared the care of holding and directing the assemblies of the people; they were fifty in number.
11. The Peloponnesian War had already, at the date of the representation of the 'Acharnians,' lasted five years, 431-426 B.C.; driven from their lands by the successive Lacedæmonian invasions, the people throughout the country had been compelled to seek shelter behind the walls of Athens.
12. Shortly before the meeting of the Assembly, a number of young pigs were immolated and a few drops of their blood were sprinkled on the seats of the Prytanes; this sacrifice was in honour of Ceres.
13. The name, Amphitheus, contains the word, Θεός, god.
14. Amongst other duties, it was the office of the Prytanes to look after the wants of the poor.
15. The summer residence of the Great King.
16. Referring to the hardships he had endured garrisoning the walls of Athens during the Lacedæmonian invasions early in the War.
17. Cranaus, the second king of Athens, the successor of Cecrops.
18. Lucian, in his 'Hermotimus,' speaks of these golden mountains as an apocryphal land of wonders and prodigies.
19. Cleonymus was an Athenian general of exceptionally tall stature; Aristophanes incessantly rallies him for his cowardice; he had cast away his buckler in a fight.
20. A name borne by certain officials of the King of Persia. The actor of this part wore a mask, fitted with a single eye of great size.
21. Jargon, no doubt meaningless in all languages.
22. The Persians styled all Greeks 'Ionians' without distinction; here the Athenians are intended.
23. A Greek measure, containing about six modii.
24. Noted for his extreme ugliness and his obscenity. Aristophanes frequently holds him to scorn in his comedies.
25. Ambassadors were entertained there at the public expense.
26. King of Thrace.
27. The tragic poet.
28. A feast lasting three days and celebrated during the month Pyanepsion (November). The Greek word contains the suggestion of fraud (ἀπάτη).
29. A Thracian tribe from the right bank of the Strymon.
30. The Bœotians were the allies of Sparta.
31. Dicæopolis had brought a clove of garlic with him to eat during the Assembly.
32. Garlic was given to game-cocks, before setting them at each other, to give them pluck for the fight.
33. At the least unfavourable omen, the sitting of the Assembly was declared at an end.
34. The deme of Acharnæ was largely inhabited by charcoal-burners, who supplied the city with fuel.
35. He presents them in the form of wines contained in three separate skins.
36. Meaning, preparations for war.
37. Meaning, securing allies for the continuance of the war.
38. When Athens sent forth an army, the soldiers were usually ordered to assemble at some particular spot with provisions for three days.
39. These feasts were also called the Anthesteria or Lenæa; the Lenæum was a temple to Bacchus, erected outside the city. They took place during the month Anthesterion (February).
40. A celebrated athlete from Croton and a victor at Olympia; he was equally good as a runner and at the 'five exercises' (πένταθλον).
41. He had been Archon at the time of the battle of Marathon.
42. A sacred formula, pronounced by the priest before offering the sacrifice (κανηφορία).
43. The maiden who carried the basket filled with fruits at the Dionysia in honour of Bacchus.
44. The emblem of the fecundity of nature; it consisted of a representation, generally grotesquely exaggerated, of the male genital organs; the phallophori crowned with violets and ivy and their faces shaded with green foliage, sang improvised airs, called 'Phallics,' full of obscenity and suggestive 'double entendres.'
45. The most propitious moment for Love's gambols, observes the scholiast.
46. Married women did not join in the processions.
47. The god of generation, worshipped in the form of a phallus.
48. A remark, which fixes the date of the production of the 'Acharnians,' viz. the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War, 426 B.C.
49. Lamachus was an Athenian general, who figures later in this comedy.
50. At the rural Dionysia a pot of kitchen vegetables was borne in the procession along with other emblems.
51. Cleon the Demagogue was a currier originally by trade. He was the sworn foe and particular detestation of the Knights or aristocratic party generally.
52. That is, the baskets of charcoal.
53. The stage of the Greek theatre was much broader, and at the same time shallower, than in a modern playhouse.
54. A mountain in Attica, in the neighbourhood of Acharnæ.
55. Orators in the pay of the enemy.
56. Satire on the Athenians' addiction to lawsuits.
57. 'The Babylonians.' Cleon had denounced Aristophanes to the senate for having scoffed at Athens before strangers, many of whom were present at the performance. The play is now lost.
58. A tragic poet; we know next to nothing of him or his works.
59. Son of Æolus, renowned in fable for his robberies, and for the tortures to which he was put by Pluto. He was cunning enough to break loose out of hell, but Hermes brought him back again.
60. This whole scene is directed at Euripides; Aristophanes ridicules the subtleties of his poetry and the trickeries of his staging, which, according to him, he only used to attract the less refined among his audience.
61. "Wheeled out"—that is, by means of the ἐκκύκλημα, a mechanical contrivance of the Greek stage, by which an interior was shown, the set scene with performers, etc., all complete, being in some way, which cannot be clearly made out from the descriptions, swung out or wheeled out on to the main stage.
62. Having been lamed, it is of course implied, by tumbling from the lofty apparatus on which the Author sat perched to write his tragedies.
63. Euripides delighted, or was supposed by his critic Aristophanes to delight, in the representation of misery and wretchedness on the stage. 'Æneus,' 'Phœnix,' 'Philoctetes,' 'Bellerophon,' 'Telephus,' 'Ino' are titles of six tragedies of his in this genre of which fragments are extant.
64. Line borrowed from Euripides. A great number of verses are similarly parodied in this scene.
65. Report said that Euripides' mother had sold vegetables on the market.
66. Aristophanes means, of course, to imply that the whole talent of Euripides lay in these petty details of stage property.
67. 'The Babylonians' had been produced at a time of year when Athens was crowded with strangers; 'The Acharnians,' on the contrary, was played in December.
68. Sparta had been menaced with an earthquake in 427 B.C. Posidon was 'The Earthshaker,' god of earthquakes, as well as of the sea.
69. A song by Timocreon the Rhodian, the words of which were practically identical with Pericles' decree.
70. A small and insignificant island, one of the Cyclades, allied with the Athenians, like most of these islands previous to and during the first part of the Peloponnesian War.
71. A figure of Medusa's head, forming the centre of Lamachus' shield.
72. Indicates the character of his election, which was arranged, so Aristophanes implies, by his partisans.
73. Towns in Sicily. There is a pun on the name Gela—Γέλα and Καταγέλα (ridiculous)—which it is impossible to keep in English. Apparently the Athenians had sent embassies to all parts of the Greek world to arrange treaties of alliance in view of the struggle with the Lacedæmonians; but only young debauchees of aristocratic connections had been chosen as envoys.
74. A contemporary orator apparently, otherwise unknown.
75. The parabasis in the Old Comedy was a sort of address or topical harangue addressed directly by the poet, speaking by the Chorus, to the audience. It was nearly always political in bearing, and the subject of the particular piece was for the time being set aside altogether.
76. It will be remembered that Aristophanes owned land in Ægina.
77. Everything was made the object of a law-suit at Athens. The old soldiers, inexpert at speaking, often lost the day.
78. A water-clock used to limit the length of speeches in the courts.
79. A braggart speaker, fiery and pugnacious.
80. Cephisodemus was an Athenian, but through his mother possessed Scythian blood.
81. The city of Athens was policed by Scythian archers.
82. Alcibiades.
83. The leather market was held at Lepros, outside the city.
84. Meaning an informer (φάινω, to denounce).
85. According to the Athenian custom.
86. Megara was allied to Sparta and suffered during the war more than any other city, because of its proximity to Athens.
87. Throughout this whole scene there is an obscene play upon the word χοιρος, which means in Greek both 'sow' and 'a woman's organs of generation.'
88. Sacrificial victims were bound to be perfect in every part; an animal, therefore, without a tail could not be offered.
89. The Greek word, ἐρέβινθος, also means the male sexual organ. Observe the little pig-girl greets this question with three affirmative squeaks!
90. The Megarians used the Doric dialect.
91. A play upon the word φαίνειν, which both means to light and to denounce.
92. An informer (sycophant), otherwise unknown.
93. A debauchee of vile habits; a pathic.
94. Mentioned above; he was as proud as he was cowardly.
95. An Athenian general, quarrelsome and litigious, and an Informer into the bargain.
96. A comic poet of vile habits.
97. A painter.
98. A debauchee, a gambler, and always in extreme poverty.
99. This kind of flute had a bellows, made of dog-skin, much like the bagpipes of to-day.
100. A flute-player, mentioned above.
101. A hero, much honoured in Thebes; nephew of Heracles.
102. A form of bread peculiar to Bœotia.
103. A lake in Bœotia.
104. He was the Lucullus of Athens.
105. This again fixes the date of the presentation of the 'Acharnians' to 426 B.C., the sixth year of the War, since the beginning of which Bœotia had been closed to the Athenians.
106. An Informer.
107. The second day of the Dionysia or feasts of Bacchus, kept in the month Anthesterion (February), and called the Anthesteria. They lasted three days; the second being the Feast of Cups, a description of which is to be found at the end of this comedy, the third the Feast of Pans. Vases, filled with grain of all kinds, were borne in procession and dedicated to Hermes.
108. A parody of some verses from a lost poet.
109. A feasting song in honour of Harmodius, the assassin of Hipparchus the Tyrant, son of Pisistratus.
110. The celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, a contemporary of Aristophanes.
111. A deme and frontier fortress of Attica, near the Bœotian border.
112. An Athenian physician of the day.
113. An allusion to the paroxysms of rage, as represented in many tragedies familiar to an Athenian audience, of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, after he had killed his mother.
114. No doubt the comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.
115. Unexpected wind-up of the story. Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.