A HISTORY
OF
INDIAN SHIPPING
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INDIAN ADVENTURERS SAILING OUT TO COLONIZE JAVA.
(Reproduced from the Sculptures of Borobudur.)
INDIAN SHIPPING
A HISTORY OF THE SEA-BORNE TRADE
AND MARITIME ACTIVITY OF THE INDIANS
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
BY
RADHAKUMUD MOOKERJI, M.A.
Premchand Roychand Scholar, Calcutta University
Hemchandra Basu Mallik Professor of Indian History in the National
Council of Education, Bengal
WITH AN
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
BY
BRAJENDRANATH SEAL, M.A., Ph.D.
Principal, Maharaja of Cooch Behar's College, India
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
8, HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY
303, BOWBAZAR STREET, CALCUTTA
LONDON AND NEW YORK
1912
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
द्विषो नो विश्वतोमुखाति नावेव पारय।
स नः सिन्धुमिव नावयाति पर्षाः स्वस्तये।
"Do Thou Whose countenance is turned to all sides send off our adversaries, as if in a ship to the opposite shore: do Thou convey us in a ship across the sea for our welfare." [Rig-Veda, I., 97, 7 and 8.]
CONTENTS. page - Introduction.
I. 1 II. 6 III. 9
BOOK I.—HINDU PERIOD.Part I.—Indications of Maritime Activity in Indian Literature and Art. 19 32 53
Part II—The History of Indian Maritime Activity.- Chapter I.—The Pre-Mauryan Period
81 - Chapter II.—The Maurya Period
100 - Chapter III.—The Andhra-Kushan Period: Intercourse with Rome
116 - Chapter IV.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India under the Guptas and Harshavardhana —The Foundation of a Greater India: Intercourse with Farther India
142 - Chapter V.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India (continued): The Colonization of Java
148 - Chapter VI.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India (continued): The Maritime Activity of the Bengalis
155 - Chapter VII.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India (continued): The Intercourse with China
163 - Chapter VIII.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India (continued): Maritime Activity on the West Coast
168 - Chapter IX.—The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Southern India: The Rise of the Chalukyas and the Cholas—from the Middle of the 7th Century to the Time of the Mahomedan Conquests in Northern India
170 - Chapter X.—Retrospect
178
BOOK II.—MAHOMEDAN PERIOD.- Chapter I.—The Pre-Mogul Period
185 - Chapter II.—The Mogul Period: The Reign of Akbar
205 - Chapter III.—The Mogul Period (continued): From the Reign of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb
224 - Chapter IV.—Later Times
243 - Conclusion
253
Indexes:I. Subjects257 II. Proper Names269
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Indian Adventurers Sailing out to Colonize Java. (From the Sculptures of Borobudur.) |
Frontispiece |
Sculptures from the Sanchi Stupas |
32 |
The Royal Barge on the Jagannath Temple, Puri |
36 |
Vaital Deul, Bhubaneshvara |
36 |
A Sea-Going Vessel. (From the Ajantā Paintings.) |
40 |
The Royal Pleasure-Boat. (From the Ajantā Paintings |
42 |
Landing of Vijaya in Ceylon, 543 B.C. (From the Ajantā Paintings.) |
44 |
Indian Adventurers Sailing out to Colonize Java. (From the Sculptures of Borobudur.) No. 1 |
46 |
Do.do.No. 2 |
46 |
Do.do.No. 3 |
48 |
Do.do.No. 4 |
48 |
Do.do.No. 5 |
48 |
Do.do.No. 6 |
48 |
Andhra Ship-Coins of the 2nd Century A.D. |
51 |
Some Indian Ships and Boats of the 17th Century |
235236 |
Mahratta Grabs and Gallivats Attacking an English Ship |
242 |
Some Indian Ships and Boats of the Earlier Part of the 19th Century: |
Pinnace |
252 |
Bangles |
252 |
Grab |
252 |
Pattooa |
252 |
Dony |
252 |
Brick |
252 |
View of Ballasore Roads |
252 |
LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
Abulfeda.—Reinaud.
Account of Shihab-ud-din Talish in MS. Bodleian 589.
Al-Bilāduri.
Al-Biruni.
Al-Idrisi.
Anabasis.
Analysis of the Finances of Bengal (Fifth Report).—Grant.
Ancient Egyptians.—Wilkinson.
Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature.—McCrindle.
Ancient Ships.—Torr.
Anecdota Oxoniensis.
Archaeological Survey of India (New Imperial Series) xv.
Arthaśāstra.—Kautilya.
Asiatic Nations (Bohn's edition).
Asoka Rock Edicts, II. and XIII.
Assam District Gazetteer, II.
Ayeen-i-Akbari.—Abul-Fazl.
Bhikshuni Nidāna.
Bhilsa Topes, The.—Cunningham.
Bible, The.
Book of Ezekiel.
Genesis.
Kings.
Proverbs.
Bodhisattvāvadāna Kalpalatā.—Kshemendra.
Bombay Gazetteer.
Bombay Times (1839).
Buddhist India.—Rhys Davids.
Buddhist Records of the Western World.—Beal.
Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts.— Aufrecht.
Cathay and the Way Thither.—Yule.
Chach-nāma.
Chemical Theories of the Hindus.—Dr. Brajendranath Seal.
Chilappathikaram.
Chinese Buddhism.—Edkins.
Christian Topography.—Cosmas.
Chu-Fan-Chih.—Chao Jukua.
Coins of Southern India.—Sir W. Elliot.
Commerce of the Ancients.—Dr. Vincent.
Considerations on the Affairs of India.—Lt.-Col. Walker.
Curtius.
Daśakumaracharita.—Dandin.
Das alte Indien.
De Coutto.
De Vita Constant.
Dharma Sutra.
Baudhayana.
Gautama.
Diodorus Siculus.
Disquisitions concerning Ancient India.—Robertson.
Early History of the Deccan.—Bhandarkar.
India.—Vincent Smith.
Early Records of British India.—J. T. Wheeler.
Economic Review.
Edicts of Asoka.—V. Smith.
Epigraphia Indica, vol. iv. (1896-97).
Epitome of Roman History.—Florus.
Erukkaddur-Thayan-Kannanar-Akam.
Fathiyyah-i-Ibriyyah (Blochmann's translation).
Foe-koue-ki.
Fragments.—Orme.
Geographical Account of Countries round the Bay of Bengal, A.—Thomas Bowrey. (Hakluyt Society publication.)
Geography.—Ptolemy.
Georgics.—Virgil.
Ghatakakārikā.
Grammar of the Dravidian Languages.—Dr. Caldwell.
Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce.—Dr. Yeats.
Gujarat.—Bayley.
Gujarat.—Bird.
Herodotus.
Hist. Anc. Orient (English edition).
History.—Orosius.
History of Bengali Literature.—Dinesh Chander Sen.
Burma.—Sir A. Phayre.
India.—Elphinstone.
India.—Sir H. Elliot.
Indian Navy.—Lt.-Col. C. R. Low.
Java.—Raffles.
Konkan.
Mahrattas.—Duff.
Pegu.—Phayre.
Plants.—Theophrastus.
Puri.—Brojokishore Ghosh.
Hist. Rome.—Dion Cassius.
Hitopadēśa.
Huang-hua-hsi-ta-chi.—Chia-Tau.
Ideals of the East.—Okakura.
Imperial Gazetteer (New Edition), vol. ii.
Ind. Alt., vol. ii.
India and the Navy.—Sir C. Bridge.
India in the Fifteenth Century. (Hakluyt Society publication.)
Indian Antiquary.
Architecture.—Fergusson.
Literature.—Weber.
Sculpture and Painting.—E. B. Havell.
Indika.—Ctesias (McCrindle's translation).
Industrial Competition of Asia.—C. Daniell.
I-Tsing.—Taka-kusu.
Jātakas (Cowell's Cambridge Edition).
Ajanna.
Baveru.
Bhojajanuya.
Janaka.
Kundaka-Kucchi-Sindhava.
Mahājanaka.
Samudda-Vanija.
Sāṅkha.
Suhanu.
Supparaka.
Sussondi.
Tandulanali.
Vālahassa.
Journal Asiatique.
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Baṅgīya Sāhitya Parishat.
Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Indo-Japanese Association.
Royal Asiatic Society.
Kalinga Huparani.
Kathāsarit Sāgara.—Somadeva.
Kavikankan Chandi.
Koch Bihar and Assam.—Blochmann.
Kwai-Yuen Catalogue of the Chinese Tripitaka.
Les Hindous.—F. Baltazar Solvyns.
Life in Ancient India.—Mrs. Spier.
Life of Godama.—Bishop Bigandet.
Madras Review (1902).
Mahābhārata.
Adi parva.
Karṇa parva.
Śānti parva.
Savā parva.
Mahāwańso.—Turnour.
Mal Fuzat-i-Timuri.
Manasāmaṅgala (an old Bengali manuscript).—Jagajiban.
Manual of Buddhism.—Hardy.
Mémoires.—Reinaud.
Mission Life.
MS. Bodleian 598 (translated by Mr. Jadunath Sarkar).
Mullaipaddu.
Natural History.—Pliny.
Nihon-ko-ki.
Nītiśataka.—Vartṛihari.
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts, vol. i.
Numismata Orientalia.—Sir Walter Elliot.
Oaranara-Puram.
Old Bengali Manuscripts.
Origin and Growth of Religion among the Babylonians.—Dr. Sayce's Hibbert Lectures, 1887.
Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet.—Bühler.
Orissa.—Hunter.
Paddinappalai.
Paintings in the Buddhist Cave-Temples of Ajanta.—Griffiths.
Pañchasiddhāntikā.
Papers relating to Shipping in India.—Phipps.
Parthia.—Rawlinson.
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
Pitakas.
Anguttara.
Digha Nikaya.
Sańyutta Nikaya.
Sutta.
Vinaya.
Portuguese Asia.—Stevenson.
Portuguese in India.—Danvers.
Protāpāditya.—Nikhilnath Roy.
Provinces of the Roman Empire.—Mommsen.
Purāṇas.
Bhāgavata.
Garuḍa.
Mārkaṇdeya.
Padma.
Varāha.
Vāyu.
Raghuvańsam.—Kālidāsa.
Rāja-Taraṅgini.
Rājāvalliya.
Rāmāyaṇa.
Ayodhyā kāndam.
Kiskindhyā kāndam.
Ratnāvalī.—King Harsha.
Register of Ships Built on the Hugli.
Report on the Old Records of the India Office.—Birdwood
Ṛig-Veda.
Rise of the Portuguese Power in India.—Whiteway.
Roman Empire.—Gibbon.
Ruijukokushi.
Sacred Books of Ceylon.—Upham.
Sakuntalā.—-Kālidāsa.
Sańhitā.
Manu.
Vrihat.
Yājñavalkya.
Sanchi and its Remains.—Maisley.
Śiśupālabadha.—Magh.
Si-yu-ki.
Spectator.
Statistical Account of Bengal.—Hunter.
Strabo.
Sungshih.
Suyshoo.
Takmilla-i-Akbar-nāma.
Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, The.—V. K. Pillay.
Tarikh-i-Firozshahi.—Burni.
Tarikh-i-Masumi.
Technical History of Commerce.—Dr. Yeats.
Thirty Years in India.—Major Bevan.
Topography of Dacca.—Taylor.
Travels of De Barros.
Hiuen Tsang.
Marco Polo (Marsden's translation).
Varthema.—Badger.
Voyages.—Kerr, edited by Stevenson.
Vṛiksha-Āyurveda.
Wassaf.
Western Origin of Chinese Civilization.
Yātrātattva.—Raghunandan.
Yuktikalpataru (manuscript).
Z. D. M. G.
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