John Wycliff, last of the schoolmen and first of the English reformers

by Lewis Sergeant

JOHN WYCLIF.
FROM HOUSTON'S MEZZOTINT IN ROLT'S "LIVES OF THE REFORMERS":
A TABULA IN COLL. REG. CANTAB."

Heroes of the Nations

EDITED BY
Evelyn Abbott, M. A.
FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD

FACTA DUCIS VIVENT OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.—OVID, IN LIVIAM, 265

THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE.

 

JOHN WYCLIF

 

JOHN WYCLIF

LAST OF THE SCHOOLMEN AND FIRST
OF THE ENGLISH REFORMERS

BY

LEWIS SERGEANT

AUTHOR OF "NEW GREECE" ETC.

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G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK	LONDON
27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET	24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND

The Knickerbocker Press

1893

COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London
by G. P. Putnam's Sons

Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound by
The Knickerbocker Press, New York
G. P. Putnam's Sons

Heroes of the Nations.

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PER VOLUME, CLOTH, $1.50. HALF MOROCCO, $1.75.

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I. Nelson, and the Naval Supremacy of England. By W. Clark Russell, author of "The Wreck of the Grosvenor," etc.

II. Gustavus Adolphus, and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence. By C. R. L. Fletcher, M.A., late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

III. Pericles, and the Golden Age of Athens. By Evelyn Abbott, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

IV. Theodoric the Goth, the Barbarian Champion of Civilization. By Thomas Hodgkin, author of "Italy and Her Invaders," etc.

V. Sir Philip Sidney : Type of English Chivalry. By H. R. Fox Bourne.

VI. Julius Caesar, and the Organization of the Roman Empire. By Warde Fowler, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford.

(For titles of volumes next to appear and for further details of this Series see prospectus at end of volume.)

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G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, Publishers,
NEW YORK AND LONDON

CONTENTS.

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CHAPTER		PAGE
Preface.	[This ToC entry not in original work]	iii
I.	—The Character of Wyclif	1
II.	—The Seething of Europe	22
III.	—Monks and Friars	40
IV.	—Wyclif and the Schoolmen	59
V.	—Wyclif's Early Days	76
VI.	—Wyclif as Politician	100
VII.	—The Conference at Bruges	123
VIII.	—Wyclif and the National Church	141
IX.	—Persecution	157
X.	—Pope Gregory's Bulls	175
XI.	—Wyclif the Evangelist	193
XII.	—The Decisive Step	219
XIII.	—Condemned at Oxford	243
XIV.	—Wyclif's Poor Priests	258
XV.	—The Headless Rebellion	281
XVI.	—Courtenay's Triumph	299
XVII.	—The Last Stage	324
XVIII.	—The Work that Lived	337
Chronology of Events connected with Wyclif		360
Index		373

ILLUSTRATIONS.

	PAGE
JOHN WYCLIF. FROM HOUSTON'S MEZZOTINT IN ROLTS'S "LIVES OF THE REFORMERS"; "A TABULA IN COLL. REG. CONTAB."	Frontspiece
JOHN WYCLIF. THE DENBIGH PORTRAIT	12
JOHN WYCLIF. FROM BALL'S "SUMMARIUM"	22
DOMINICAN (BLACK) FRIAR. 13TH CENTURY. FROM MIGNE'S "ENCYCLOPÉDIE"	40
FRANCISCAN (GREY) FRIAR. FROM MIGNE'S "ENCYCLOPÉDIE"	52
JOHN DUNS SCOTUS—"DOCTOR SUBTILIS." BY J. FABER, FROM THE OXFORD PORTRAIT	68
JOHN WYCLIF. Hondius fecit.	76
WYCLIFFE, NEAR ROKEBY. SKETCH FROM THE PAINTING BY J. M. W. TURNER	86
WYCLIFFE CHURCH. PARTLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH WYCLIF (?)	94
WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. FROM A PORTRAIT BY J. FABER IN THE HALL OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD	116
A BENEDICTINE MONK	118
POPE GREGORY XI. 1370-8	124
QUEEN PHILLIPA, CONSORT OF EDWARD III. FROM A PORTRAIT IN THE HALL OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD	128
OLD ST. PAULS'S EXTERIOR. FROM DUGDALE'S "HISTORY OF ST. PAULS'S CATHEDRAL"	160
INTERIOR OF OLD ST. PAULS'S, LOOKING EAST FROM DUGDALE'S "HISTORY OF ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL"	162
OLD ST. PAUL'S CHAPTER HOUSE, FROM DUGDALE'S "HISTORY OF ST. PAULS'S CATHEDRAL"	164
MONUMENT OF JOHN, DUKE OF LANCASTER, AND OF HIS WIFE CONSTANCE, IN OLD ST. PAUL'S. FROM DUGDALE'S "HISTORY OF ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL"	166
NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD. PART OF THE CITY WALL, CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH WYCLIF.	176
POPE URBAN VI. 1378-89	192
A PAGE FROM THE PLESHY BIBLE [WYCLIF'S]. OWNED BY THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, SON OF EDWARD III. EGERTON MSS., BRITISH MUSUEM, REDUCED TO ABOUT ONE-THIRD LINEAR	212
ST. MARY'S, OXFORD, TOWER PARTLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH WYCLIF	218
ARCHBISHOP ARUNDEL. FROM AN OLD PORTRAIT IN LAMBETH PALACE	222
JOHN WYCLIF. ENGRAVED BY E. FINDEN, FROM A PORTRAIT ATTRIBUTED TO ANTONIO MORO NOW AN HEIRLOOM IN THE RECTORY OF WYCLIF-ON-TEES	258
LUTTERWORTH CHURCH. PARTLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH WYCLIF	268
THE PRIESTS' DOORWAY, LUTTERWORTH CHURCH, THROUGH WHICH WYCLIF'S BODY WAS TAKEN,	270
ST. FRIDESWIDE'S SHRINE. IN THE LATIN CHAPEL, CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, OXFORD	320
WESTMACOTT'S MONUMENT OF WYCLIF AT LUTTERWORTH	322
JOHN WYCLIF. THE DORSET PORTRAIT	324
RICHARD FLEMMYNG, BISHOP OF LINCOLN, FOUNDER OF LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD	334
LUTTERWORTH CHURCH—INTERIOR. PARTLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH WYCLIF; SHOWING AN ANCIENT FRESCO OF THE DAY OF JUDGMENT,	336
ARCHBISHOP CHICHELEY, 1414-43, FOUNDER OF ALL SOULS. BY J. FABER	354