AGUILA S —AHMED value of the trade is estimated at about $7,500,000 {Mexican currency). The Mexican Central railway crosses the state in two directions. The capital, Aguascalientes, with a population in 1895 of 30,872, is 364 miles from the city of Mexico by rail. It has two lines of tramways, telegraph and telephone lines, schools, hospitals, public libraries, &c. The other principal towns are Rincon de Romos (or Victoria de Calpulapam), Asientos de Ibarra, and Calvillo, all with populations of less than 5000. AgfUilaS, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, on the Mediterranean, 37 miles W.S.W. of Cartagena. It has two ports, one safe, the other bad. Its trade has become important, owing to the greater facilities now afforded for transport of ores by several lines of railways. In 1898, 74 foreign steamers of 70,372 tons (60 English of 58,372 tons) cleared from the port, and 120 Spanish steamers of 65,368 tons. The chief exports were : iron ore, 59,630 tons, of which 47,180 were for Great Britain; spart grass, 19,496 tons for Great Britain; and barley, soapstones, and dried figs. Population in 1897, 12,331. Ahaggrar. See Sahara. Ahmedafoad, or Ahmadabad, a city and district of British India, in the Gujarat division of Bombay. The city is situated on the left bank of the river Sabarmati. It is still surrounded with walls, enclosing an area of about 2 square miles. Ahmedabad has a station on the Bombay and Baroda railway, 309 miles from Bombay, whence branch lines diverge into Kathiawar and Mahi Kantha, and is a great centre for both trade and manufacture. Its native bankers, shopkeepers, and workers are all strongly organized in guilds. In 1897 there were 16 cotton-mills, for spinning and weaving, besides many hand-looms, and 14 factories for ginning and pressing cotton. Other industries include the manufacture of gold and silver thread, silk brocades, pottery, paper, and shoes. The principal educational institutions are the Gujarat College, managed by a board, with 199 students in 1896-97 ; a government training college for both male and female teachers, with 219 students altogether; and a high school, with 365 boys. There are 2 churches, 22 printing presses, issuing 7 newspapers and periodicals, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, an asylum for lepers, and a panjrapol or home of rest for animals, supported by the trading community. The military cantonment, 3 miles north of the native town, is the headquarters of the northern division of the Bombay command, with an arsenal. Population (1881), 127,621 ; (1891), 148,412. The district of Ahmedabad lies at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, between Baroda and Kathiawar. Area, 3949 square miles; population (1881), 856,342; (1891), 921,712, showing an increase of 8 per cent, and an average density of 233 persons per square mile; in 1901 the population was 795,094, showing a decrease of 14 per cent., due to the results of famine. Land revenue and rates (1897-98) amounted to Rs. 23,6 3,780, the incidence of taxation being R.1:1:0 per acre; the cultivated area was 1,151,117 acres, of which 69,149 acres were irrigated from wells, &c., including 6142 acres from government canals; the number of police was 1098 ; the number of children at school was 28,795, being 3'56 per cent, of the total population; the registered death-rate in 1897 was 25'37 per thousand. The principal crops are millets, cotton, wheat, and pulse. The district is traversed by the Bombay and Baroda railway, and has two seaports, liholera and Gogo, the former of which has given its name to a mark of raw cotton in the Liverpool market. It suffered severely in the famine of 1899-1900. Ahmednag'ar, a city and district of British India, in the Deccan division of Bombay, on the left bank of the
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river Sina. Several mosques and tombs have been converted to the use of British administration. The old industries of carpet-weaving and'paper-making have died out; but there is a large trade in cotton and silk goods, and in copper and brass pots, and there are 9 factories for ginning and pressing cotton. It is a station on the loop line of the Great Indian Peninsula railway, 218 miles from Bombay, and a military cantonment for a native infantry regiment. It has three high schools, with 435 pupils in 1896-97, and 7 printing presses, issuing 6 vernacular newspapers. .Population (1881), 37,492 ; (1891), 41,689. The district of Ahmednagar is a comparatively hilly and barren tract, with a small rainfall. Area, 6645 square miles; population (1881), 750,021; (1891), 888,755, showing an increase of 18 per cent, after the famine of 1876-77; average density, 134 persons per square mile; (1901), 837,774, showing a decrease of 6 per cent., due to the results of famine. In 1897-98 the land revenue and rates were Rs. 19,07,825, the incidence of assessment being Rs.2 :1 : 2 per acre; the cultivated area was 2,585,616 acres, of which 110,246 were irrigated from wells, Ac.; the number of police was 807; the children at school numbered 15,569, being L8 per cent, of the total population; the death-rate in 1897 was 43 per thousand. The principal crops are millets, pulse, oil-seeds, and wheat. The district suffered from drought in 1896-97, and again in 1899-1900. Down to July 1898 the deaths from plague numbered 852. Ahmed Vefik, Pasha, (1819-1891),Turkish statesman and man of letters, was born in Stambul, 1819. He was the son of Rouheddin Effendi, at one time Charge d’affaires in Paris, an accomplished French scholar, who because of this accomplishment was attached in the capacity of secretary-interpreter to Reshid Pasha’s diplomatic mission to Paris in 1834. Reshid took Ahmed with him, and placed him at school, where he remained about five years and completed his studies. He then returned to Constantinople, and was appointed to a post in the Bureau de traduction of the ministry for foreign affairs. While thus employed he devoted his leisure to the translation of Moliere’s plays into Turkish, and to the compilation of educational books—dictionaries, historical and geographical manuals, &c.—for use in Turkish schools, with the object of promoting cultivation of the French language among the rising generation. In 1847 he brought out the first edition of the Salnameh, the official annual of the Ottoman empire, of which the publication is continued to this day. Two years later he was appointed imperial commissioner in the Danubian principalities, and held that office till early in 1851 when he was sent to Persia as ambassador—a post which suited his temperament, and in which he rendered good service to his Government for more than four years. Recalled in 1855, he was sent on a mission to inspect the eastern frontiers, and on his return was appointed member of the Grand Council of Justice, and was entrusted with the revision of the penal code and the code of procedure. This work occupied him until the beginning of 1860, when he was sent as ambassador to Paris, for the special purpose of averting the much-dreaded intervention of France in the affairs of Syria. But Ahmed Yefik’s abrupt frankness, irascibility, and abhorrence of compromise unfitted him for European diplomacy. He offended the French Government; his mission failed; and he was recalled in January 1861. Hone the less his integrity of purpose was fully understood and appreciated in Paris. On his return he was appointed minister of the Evkaf, but he only retained his seat in the Cabinet for a few months. He was then for a brief period president of the Board of Audit, and subsequently inspector of the
