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ARCHAEOLOGY IT is proposed in the present article to give some account of the progress and the results of archaeological investigation in regard to the monuments of ancient Greece and Rome in the years since the publication of the ninth edition of this work. The articles on classical archaeology and architecture were published in 1875, that on gems in 1879, that on pottery in 1885, that on terracottas in 1888. Generally speaking, therefore, we have to report the progress of twenty-five years. It is not intended here to re-discuss questions considered in the articles above mentioned, except so far as this may be made necessary by the discovery of new materials. For an account of the excavations carried on at various classical ’sites in recent years, the reader is referred to special articles in the present publication. Especially we must mention the articles on Athens, Eleusis, Mycense, Cyprus, Epidaurus, Megalopolis, Dodona, Rome, Delphi. In the present article the results of these excavations will be considered, not on the topographic or architectural side (see Architecture, II.), but only in so far as they have extended our knowledge of ancient art, especially of sculpture. We begin with a general account of the progress made in institutions, in publications, and in excavations connected with classical archaeology; afterwards we shall give, under periods, a more detailed account of recently discovered monuments and works of art, with the information to be derived from them. Archaeological Institutes.—Perhaps in no respect has the activity of the last quarter of the 19th century been more marked than in the founding and organization of institutions for the forwarding of archaeological research. The old international “Institute di Corrispondenza Archeologica ” has been transmuted into the Roman branch of the German Archaeological Institute. That great institution, which is the main centre of archaeological activity, has its headquarters at Berlin, with branches at Rome and Athens. The French have also schools at Rome and Athens, as have now the English and Americans. Austria has recently established a powerful institute, with various branches. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in England, the Archaeological Institute in America, the Accademia dei Lincei in Italy, and the Greek Archaeological Society, are all active in publishing journals, in finding the funds for excavations, and the scholars to take charge of them, and in extending archaeological knowledge. France, Germany, and Austria provide from the public purse bursaries to trained archaeological students, enabling them to stay for a term of years at the schools of Athens and Rome for purposes of study and research. In Germany also a certain number of teachers in the schools are every year provided with the means of making archaeological tours in Greece and Italy, under the guidance of the best specialists ; while in the great museums of Germany •holiday courses are annually arranged for the benefit of students who wish to keep abreast of the progress of archaeological discovery. In England and America efforts are made to work by private subscription in the same direction in which so much is done by the governments of the Continent with public funds. Travelling studentships at the universities, and bursaries awarded by the Committee of the British School at Athens, avail to prevent England from being entirely left behind in the movement; and the funds of the American Institute have in recent years enabled American students to do much excellent work in exploration. Naturally also the great museums of Europe are not only
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centres of research, and keenly alive to the necessity of procuring fresh objects, but also are awake to the duty of publishing in a systematic way the works of ancient art which they contain. Besides the public museums, we may mention, in this connexion, the Ny-Carlsberg collection at Copenhagen, the Tyszkiewicz collection, and the Barracco collection, the contents of which are published in excellent form. Journals.—The most important periodicals in connexion with classical archaeology are now the following:— Published in English: the Journal of Hellenic ^rchaeoStudies, the Annual of the British School at logical Athens, Archceologia, the American Journal of publlcaArchoeology. Published in French : Bulletin de twasCorrespondance Hellenique, Revue Archeologique, Monuments et Memoires, Riot. Published in German : Jahrbuch des Arch. Instituts, Mittheilungen des Arch. Instituts, Rdmische Abtheilung and Athenische Abtheilung, Jahreshefte des oesterreich. Arch. Instituts. Published in Italian: Monumenti Antichi and Atti delV Accad. dei Lincei, Bulletino della Commiss. Archeol. Gomunale di Roma. Published in Greek: Ephemeris Archaiologlke, Deltion Archaiologikon. To the subject of coins in particular, numismatic journals are dedicated in almost all countries of Europe; among them the English Numismatic Chronicle occupies a satisfactory position. Books.—To give any complete account, or even a bare list, of important works on classical archaeology published during the last twenty-five years would exceed the space at our disposal. We can select only a few works of special value, mentioning more particularly those which are published in English. (1) General Handbooks. — Manuals of Classical Archaeology have been published by Mr. A. S. Murray and Mr. Talfourd Ely. There is also a new brief History of Greek Art by Prof. F. B. Tarbell. Miss J. E. Harrison has published some Introductory Studies in Greek Art. A more complete Griechische Kunstgeschichte by Prof. Brunn, begun in 1893, does not come down below the archaic period. Sittl’s Klassische Kunst-Archdologie is useful as a compendium. A new edition by Wernicke (recently deceased) of C. 0. Miiller’s Denkmdler der alien Kunst is in progress. Of the greatest value to the ordinary scholar is Baumeister’s Denkmdler, a dictionary of archaeological evidence suited for easy reference. To those who wish to procure a mass of archaeological material at moderate cost, it is safe to commend M. S. Reinach’s Repertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine and Repertoire des vases peints grecs et etrusques, published at five francs a volume, with his other cheap reprints of expensive works. (2) Architecture.—There is no recent systematic work in English on classical architecture, but Mr Penrose’s Principles of Athenian Architecture (new edition) is a work of importance. Besides the handbooks already mentioned, which give chapters to architecture, we may refer to the seventh volume of Perrot and Chipiez’s Histoire de I’art dans Vantiquite {La Gr'ece archaique), Bbtticher’s Tektonik der Hellenen, and Uhde’s Architekturformen des class. Alterthums, as well-illustrated and standard works. (3) Sculpture.—A. S. Murray’s History of Greek Sculpture and E. A. Gardner’s Handbook of Greek Sculpture are important works ; as is also H. Stuart Jones’s Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture. There are also valuable histories of Greek sculpture in French by Collignon, and in German by Overbeck (4th edit. 1893). Among recent books on sculpture in English may be mentioned Waldstein’s Essays on the Art of Pheidias, Furtwangler’s Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, Michaelis’s Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, and P. Gardner’s Sculptured Tombs of Hellas. The German literature of the subject is very extensive. (4) Vases.—A good book on Greek vases is at present a crying need. The most useful general book on the subject is Rayet and Collignon’s Histoire de la ceramiqae grecque. For archaic vases, Dumont and Chaplain’s Ceramiques de la Gr'ece propre is valuable, though somewhat out of date (1888). Prof. Furtwiingler has just issued the first part of a great work on Greek vases, the plates of which are executed with great care, so as faithfully to represent the style of the vases. We have in English, Harrison and Maccoll’s Greek Vase Paintings, and A. S. Murray’s Designs from S. I. —72
