ARGOSTOLI —ARGYLLSHIRE It is probable that the face, neck, arms, and feet were of ivory, while the rest of the figure was draped in gold. Like the Olympian Zeus of Phidias, Hera was seated on an elaborately decorated throne, holding in her left hand the sceptre, surmounted in her case by the cuckoo (as that of Zeus had an eagle), and in her right, instead of an elaborate figure of Victory (such as the Athene Parthenos and the Olympian Zeus held), simply a pomegranate. The crown was adorned with figures of Graces and the Seasons. A Homan imperial coin of Antoninus Pius shows us on a reduced scale the general composition of the figure; while Antoninus Argive coins of the 5th century give a fairly adequate rendering of the head. A further attempt has been made to identify the head in a beautiful marble bust in the British Museum hitherto known as Bacchus (Waldstein, Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxi. 1901, pp. 30 seq.). We also learn from Pausanias that the temple was decorated with “ sculptures over the columns, representing some the birth of Zeus and the battle of the gods and giants, others the Trojan war and the taking of Ilium.” It was formerly supposed that the phrase “ over the columns ” pointed to the existence of sculptured metopes, but no pedimental groups. Finds made in the excavations, however, have shown that the temple also had pedimental groups. Besides numerous fragments of nude and draped figures belonging to pedimental statues, a well-preserved and very beautiful head of a female divinity, probably Hera, as well as a draped female torso of excellent workmanship, both belonging to the pediments, have been discovered. Of the metopes also a great number of fragments have been found, together with two almost complete metopes, the one containing the torso of a nude warrior in perfect preservation, as well as ten wellpreserved heads. These statues bear the same relation to the sculptor Polycleitus which the Parthenon marbles hold to Phidias; and the excavations have thus yielded most important material for the illustration of the Argive art of Polycleitus in the 5th century B.c. See the official publication of the Excavations of the Argive Heroeum; Waldsteix. Excavations of the American School of Athens at the Heraion of Argos, 1892; and numerous reports and articles in the American Archceoloqical Journal since 1892. (c. W.*) Arg^OStoli. See Greece (Ionian Islands). Argyll, George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of (1823-1900), British statesman, was born 30th April 1823, and succeeded his father, the 7th duke, in April 1847. He had then already obtained notice as a writer of pamphlets on the disruption of the Church of Scotland, which he strove to avert, and he rapidly became prominent on the Liberal side in Parliamentary politics. He was a frequent and eloquent speaker in the House of Lords, and sat as Lord Privy Seal (1852) and Postmaster-General (1855) in the Cabinets of Lord Aberdeen and Lord Palmerston. In Mr Gladstone’s Cabinet of 1868 he was Secretary of State for India, and infelicitously signalized his term of office by his refusal, against the advice of the Indian Government, to promise the Ameer of Afghanistan support against Ilussian aggression, a course which threw that ruler into the arms of Hussia and was followed by the second Afghan war. With all the duke’s activity and disposition to assert himself, this seems the only memorable political act recorded of him, except his resignation of the office of Lord Privy Seal, which he held in Mr Gladstone’s Administration of 1880, from his inability to assent to the Irish land legislation of 1881. He opposed the Home Rule Bill with equal vigour, though Mr Gladstone subsequently stated that, among all the old colleagues who dissented
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from his course, the duke was the only one Whose personal relations with him remained entirely unchanged. Detached from party, the duke took an independent position, and for many years spoke his mind with great freedom in letters to the Times on public questions, especially such as concerned the rights or interests of landowners. He was no less active on scientific questions in their relation to religion, which he earnestly strove to reconcile with the progress of discovery. With this aim he published The Reign of Law (1866), Primeval Man (1869), The Unity of Nature (1884), and numerous essays in literary and scientific journals. He also wrote on the Eastern Question, with especial reference to India, the history and antiquities of Iona, patropage in the Church of Scotland, and many other subjects. The duke died 24th April 1900. He was thrice married : first (1844) to a daughter of the second duke of Sutherland (d. 1878); secondly (1881) to a daughter of Bishop Claughton of St Albans {d. 1894) ; and thirdly (1895) to Ina Erskine M‘Neill. His eldest son, then marquess of Lome (6. 1845), married in 1871 the Princess Louise, fourth daughter of H.M. Queen Victoria. Few men of the duke’s era displayed more versatility, and as an orator he ranked very high; but his treatment of the various themes he handled, if always impressive, was rarely conclusive; and while doing something to illustrate every subject and promote every cause which he made his own, and retaining for a generation before he died the deepest public respect—due not only to his career as a public man, but also to his position as the foremost Scottish noble, and the father-in-law of one of his Sovereign’s daughters -—he can hardly be said to have left any abiding reputation either as politician, thinker, or man of science. (r. g.) Argyllshire, a maritime Highland county of W. Scotland, embracing a number of the Hebrides or Western Isles, bounded on the N. by Inverness, on the E. by Perth and Dumbarton, Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde, on the S. by the Irish Sea, and on the W. by the Atlantic. It is the second largest county in Scotland. Area and Population.—In 1891 the Argyll parts of the parishes of Kilmallie and Small Isles were transferred to Inverness-shire. According to the latest official estimate the area of the county (foreshore excluded) is 2,025,154 acres, or about 3165 square miles. The population was in 1881, 76,440 ; in 1891, 75,003— on the above area, 74,085, of whom 36,292 were males and 37,793 females ; on the old area, taking land only (2,056,402 acres or 3213 T square miles), the number of persons to the square mile in 1891 was 23, and the number of acres to the person 27'4. In the registration county the population decreased between 1881 and 1891 by 1‘8 per cent. Between 1881 and 1891 the excess of births over deaths was 6588, and the decrease of the resident population 1451. In 1901 the population was 73,665, a decline of 420. The following table gives particulars of births, deaths, and marriages in 1880, 1890, and 1899 :— of Year. Births. Deaths. Percentage Illegitimate. 1880 299 2108 1557 7-9 282 1890 1360 1803 6-66 303 1338 1899 1749 7‘6 The birth-rate, death-rate, and marriage-rate were all below those for Scotland. The following table gives the birth-rate, death-rate, and marriage-rate per thousand of the population for a series of years :— 1880. 1881-90. 1890. 1891-98. 1899. Birth-rate . 26T3 25-24 22-69 22-09 22-46 Death-rate . 19-30 17-01 17-11 16-63 17-18 Marriage-rate 3-71 3-88 3-54 3-86 3-89 In 1891 the number of Gaelic-speaking persons in the county was 36,014, of whom 5998 spoke Gaelic only, and there were 52 foreigners. Valuation in 1889-90, £431,554 ; in 1899-1900, £439,975. Administration.—The county returns a member to parliament. Inveraray (735) and Campbeltown (8234) are royal burghs, and S. I. — 79
