CLEVELAND from Duluth to Buffalo, Toronto, Ogdensburgh, and with those along the St Lawrence. It lies on or near all the trunk lines from New York to Chicago. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the New York, Chicago, and St Louis (Nickel Plate) Railways pass through ; the Erie, Pennsylvania, Baltimore, and Ohio have terminal facilities ; while the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, and St Louis (Big Four), and several Ohio lines start from the city. The Ohio Canal, which gave Cleveland its original prosperity, is little used, and in 1879 its terminal facilities were granted to theYalley, now the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. Seven suburban electric railways, from 20 to 40 miles long, radiate from the Public Square, and carry package freight as well as passengers. There are 160 miles of streets, paved chiefly with Medina dressed stone. The improved public dock frontage on the river and lake amounts to 2500 feet, the unimproved to 3000 feet. Since 1879 the national Government has been building and improving a breakwater to create a harbour of refuge, which already affords a protected shore-line of over 2 miles. The widening of the river mouth from a minimum of 165 feet to a uniform width of 325 feet, and the widening and straightening of the lower course of the river, are also far advanced. These improvements were vital to the city, which is the greatest ore market in the world. At its own docks, not to mention the harbours within the customs district, the business of which is nearly all done in the city, were received in 1890, 1,945,432 tons of Lake Superior iron ore, and in 1900, 3,823,314 tons. The total tonnage in 1890 was 4,668,040; in 1900, 7,488,396. As a manufacturing town Cleveland owes its greatness to the facility with which iron can be brought from the Lake Superior district by water-route, and coal by rail from the Ohio and Pennsylvania mines. The capital invested in national banks in 1890 was $7,550,000; in 1900, $10,965,000. The deposits were for these years $15,037,606 and $48,780,227. For the same years capital in savings banks was $2,469,460 and $7,725,000 ; the deposits, $36,914,354 and $96,328,461. Of these deposits $34,632,732 were in one institution, the Society for Savings. The population in 1890 was 261,353. In 1900 it was 381,768, of whom 124,631 were foreign-born and 5988 were'negroes. The death-rate in 1890 was 20-2; in 1900 it was 17T. The water-supply from the old tunnel into the lake became unsatisfactory, and a new tunnel 26,000 feet in length was projected, of which 16,000 feet were completed in 1900. The school system was reorganized in 1892 by a law which placed the management of school affairs in the hands of a director and an elective council of seven members. The director was given power to appoint a superintendent of instruction, who was to receive authority to name the whole teaching force. Besides large private schools, among which is the University School for boys, with an eight years’ course, emphasizing manual training and the supervision of athletic exercises, there are the Western Reserve University, with its medical school (opened 1843), the School of Law (1892), the Dental College (1893), the Adelbert College (until 1882 the Western Reserve College (1826) at Hudson, Ohio), the College for Women (1888); the Case School of Applied Sciences, the Cleveland College of Physicians (a part of Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio), and the Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical College. There are 15 hospitals, including the United States Marine Hospital. The Public Library, the Case Library, the University Library, and the Western Reserve Historical Society possess about 300,000 volumes. There are over 245 churches, and the leading sects are the Roman Catholics with 39 churches, the Methodists with 24, the Baptists with 24, and the Congregationalists with 24. By the Municipal Reform
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Bill, 16th March 1891, a new city charter embodying the federal plan was granted. The mayor appoints as his cabinet six directors — law, public works, police, fire, accounts, and charities and corrections. In order that responsibility might be fixed these directors were to appoint their subordinates. At first the system worked well, but in course of time interested officials, to serve their own ends, constructed a dangerous “machine,” the ramifications of which reached into the council, the courts, and the state legislature. At length the independent voters organized a revolt, and overthrew the “ boss ” in the April elections of 1899. The total valuation of property in the city in 1880 was $73,647,194; in 1890, $99,614,055; in 1900, $142,768,280. The tax-rate for all purposes, city, county (Cuyahoga), and state, was in 1890, $29.30, and in 1900, $30.00. The total indebtedness in 1890 was $8,330,035, and in 1900, $14,121,530. The park system includes 22 parks and drives, with an extent of 1326T9 acres. There are 27'94 miles of roads. Since much of the land was presented to the city the money expended ($3,032,944 from 1st January 1894 to 1st January 1900) on the system has largely gone for improvements. In recent history the most notable events were the elaborate celebration of the centennial of the cjty in 1896 and the street railway strike of 1899, in which the workers attempted to force a redress of grievances and a recognition of their union. Mobs attacked the cars, and cars were blown up by dynamite. The strikers were beaten, but certain abuses were corrected. Charles Whittlesey. Early History of Cleveland, 1867.— J. H. Kenneby. History of the City of Cleveland, 1896. (h. E. B.) Cleveland, Grover (1837 ), President of the United States from 1885 to 1889, and again from 1893 to 1897, was born in the village of Caldwell, New Jersey, 18th March 1837. His father was a clergyman of the Presbyterian Church. The Clevelands were of good colonial stock, descendants of Moses Cleveland who emigrated from Ipswich, England, in 1635. Grover was the fifth in a family of nine children. They removed to Fayetteville, and afterwards to Clinton, New York. It was intended that Grover should be educated at Hamilton College, but this was prevented by his father’s death in 1852. A few years later he drifted westward with twenty-five dollars in his pocket. The autumn of 1855 found him in a law office in the city of Buffalo, where he was privileged to use the books in the library and pick up knowledge by observing what was going on around him. This was the customary way at that time for a young man to equip himself for the legal profession. At the end of four years he passed the required examination for admission to the bar. During these years he had made a place for himself by force of character in the office where he had studied. Industry, intellectual integrity, and calm courage were then, as in after life, his marked traits. It cost him no effort to stand firmly by any principle which he deemed right or to defend any opinion which he had espoused. In 1863 he was appointed assistant district attorney, or public prosecutor, of Erie county, of which Buffalo is the chief city. This was his first public office, and it came to him, like all later preferments, without any solicitation of his own. He was a member of the Democratic party, and Erie county was usually Republican by a decisive majority. In 1869 Mr Cleveland was named by his party for the office of sheriff and was elected. In 1881 he was elected mayor of Buffalo, and in the following year governor of New York, receiving a majority of nearly 200,000 votes. As governor Mr Cleveland’s course was marked by the sterling qualities that he had displayed in his other public
