CORNING —CORNWALL taken since 1881 out of the cave tombs of the ancient Etruscan town of Tarquinii. There is another collection of Etruscan antiquities in the Bruschi palace. Population (1901), 7219. Coming', a city of Steuben county, New York, U.S.A., situated in 42° 08' N. lat. and 77° 03' W. long., in the southern part of the state, on Chemung river, at an altitude of 942 feet. It has three railways, the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, the Erie, and the New York Central and Hudson River. The surrounding country produces much tobacco. Population (1880), 4802 ; (1890), 8550; (1900), 11,061. Cornu, Marie Alfred (1841-1902), French physicist, was born on 6th March 1841, and after being educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Mines, became in 1867 professor of experimental physics in the former institution, where he remained throughout his life. Although he made various excursions into other branches of physical science, undertaking, for example, with Bailie about 1870 a repetition of Cavendish’s experiment for determining the mean density of the earth, his original work was mainly concerned with optics and spectroscopy. In particular he was known for his redetermination of the velocity of light by Fizeau’s method, which he improved in various ways, adding greatly to the accuracy of the results. Among the honours which this achievement won for him were membership of the Academy of Sciences in France and the Rumford medal of the Royal Society in England (both in 1878). In 1899, at the jubilee commemoration of Sir George Stokes, he was Rede lecturer at Cambridge, his subject being the undulatory theory of light and its influence on modern physics; and on that occasion the honorary degree of D.Sc. was conferred on him by the University. He died on 11th April 1902. Com Well I, a peninsular county of England, at the extreme south-west of Great Britain, surrounded on all sides by the sea except on the east and north-east, where it marches with Devon, and the boundary line is formed mainly by the river Tamar. Area and Population.—The area of the ancient and administrative county was given in the census returns of 1891 as 868,208 acres, or 1357 square miles, with a population in 1881 of 330,686, and in 1891 of 322,571, of whom 149,259 were males, and 173,312 females, the number of persons per square mile being 238, and of acres to a person 2’69. In 1901 the population was 322,857. The area of the registration county is 886,372 acres, with a population in 1891 of 318,583, of whom 113,538 were urban, and 205,045 rural. The following table gives the marriage-, birth-, and death-rates per 1000 persons living, with the percentages of illegitimate births, for a series of years :— 1870-7 1880. 1880-89. 1890. 1889-98. 1899. 12-9 12-1 13-2 13-4 13-4 13-8 Marriage-rate. 30-4 29-0 287 26-6 27-1 25-5 Birth-rate 20-4 21-4 19 T 19-6 18-2 18-1 Death-rate Percentage of illegitimacy 6-3 6-8 6-1 57 5-4 4-9 The birth-rate was considerably below the average for England, but the death-rate only a very little below it, while the percentage of illegitimate births was rather high. Constitution and Government.—The ancient county is divided into 6 parliamentary divisions, and it also includes the parliamentary burgh of Penryn and Falmouth, returning one member. The administrative county contains 11 municipal boroughs : Bodmin (5151), Falmouth (12,791), Helston (3198), Launceston (4345), Liskeard(3984), Lostwithiel (1379), Penryn (3256), Penzance (12,432), St Ives (6094), Saltash (2745), and Truro (11,131). The following are urban districts : Camborne (14,700), Hayle (1172), Looe (2454), Ludgvan (2334), Madron (2761), New Quay (1891), Padstow (1546), Paul (5977), Phillack (3979), Redruth (10,324), St Austell (3477), St Just (6119), and Wadebridge (1868). The county is in the western circuit, and assizes are held at Bodmin.
251
The boroughs of Bodmin, Falmouth, Helston, Launceston, Liskeard, Penryn, Penzance, St Ives, and Truro have separate commissions of the peace, and the borough of Penzance has in addition a separate court of quarter sessions. In matters relating to mines the county is under the jurisdiction of the Duchy of Cornwall, of which the Heir Apparent is hereditary duke. The executory court of the duchy is called the Stannary court, its jurisdiction also including West Devon. The ancient county, which is in the diocese of Truro, contains 227 entire ecclesiastical parishes and parts of one other. Education.—There is a residential training college for schoolmasters (Exeter Diocesan) at Truro. The number of elementary schools on 31st August 1899 was 339, of which 179 were board, and 160 voluntary schools, the latter including 136 National Church of England schools, 17 Wesleyan, 2 Roman Catholic, and 5 “British and other.” The average attendance at board schools was 26,506, and at voluntary schools 18,517. Agriculture.—Within recent years the area under cultivation has considerably increased, but it is still less than three-fourths of the total acreage. Of the cultivated area only about one-fifth is under corn crops, and nearly two-fifths under permanent pasture, in addition to which there are nearly 55,000 acres of hill pasture, over 31,000 acres under woods, and about 5000 acres under orchards. The acreage under wheat has greatly diminished, oats now occupying about one-half the total acreage under corn crops, and wheat and barley each about one-fourth. Nearly three-fourths of the acreage under green crops is occupied by turnips, swedes and mangold, and in addition cabbage occupies about one-fifth, while less than one-eighth is occupied by potatoes. The following table gives the main divisions of the cultivated area in 1880 and 1900 :— Total Acreunder Corn Green Year. age Clover. Permanent Cultiva- Crops. Pasture. Fallow. Crops. tion. 1880 1900
551,224 606,139
137,297 125,115
56,399 47,349
154,566 189,313
182,633 20,329 238,806 3,933
The principal live-stock in 1880 and 1899 were as follows :— or Heifers Total Total Cows in Milk or in Sheep. Year. Horses. Pigs. Cattle. Calf. 1880 1899
31,527 31,096
163.604 203,983
55,145 69,500
426,550 399,756
60,193 88,559
Industries and Trade. —According to the annual report for 1898 of the chief inspector of factories (1900), the total number of persons employed in factories and workshops in 1897 was 10,923. The number of persons employed in mines and quarries in 1899 was 11,410. In 1899 the amount of igneous rocks raised was 222,614 tons valued at £97,008, and of slate 31,923 tons. The more valuable minerals in 1890 and 1899 were as follows :— Arsenic. China Clay. Copper. Tin. Year. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 1890 3143 £26,503 393,509 £268,900 5271 £15,301 14,867 £780,017 1899 1361 13,295 506,228 290,620 5172 21,487 6,389 440,299 Large quantities of herring are obtained on the Cornwall coasts, along which there are numerous fishing stations. The valuable pilchard fisheries also retain their importance. The total quantity of fish landed at all stations in 1899 was over 400,000 cwts., valued at over £200,000 ; but much fish from Cornwall is landed at Plymouth in Devon. Authorities.—Among later works are Bannister. Glossary of Cornish Names. London, 1878.—Harting. Birds of Cornwall. London, 1880.—Dunkin. Monumental Brasses of Cornwall. London, 1882.—Symons. Sketches of the Geology of Cornwall. London, 1884.—Courtney. Parliamentary Bepresentation of Cornwall to 1832. London, 1889.—Boase. Collectanea Cornubiensia. Truro, 1890.—Borlase. Early Christianity in Cornwall. London, 1893; and Quiller-Couch (M. and L. M.). Ancient Wells of Cornwall. (t. F. h.) Cornwall, the capital of the united counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry, Ontario, Canada, 65 miles south-west of Montreal, on the left bank of the river St Lawrence. It is an important station on the Grand Trunk and the Ottawa and New York Railways, and is a port of call for all steamers plying between Montreal and Lake
