D O D G S O N —D o D o N A the Baltic fleet with stores and ammunition, and is largely used for repairs, there being four dry docks—the Alexandrovsky, 584 feet long and 85 feet wide ; the Constantinovsky, 490 feet long and 73 feet wide ; the Nikolaievsky; and the Petrovsky. There are numerous workshops, storehouses, magazines, and steam factories, with a dep6t for torpedoes and a torpedo workshop. The workmen employed at St Petersburg number about 3500, at the Baltic Yard about 7250, and at Cronstadt about 3830. There are no strictly private yards for the building of large vessels in Russia, with the exception of the Black Sea Company at Nicolaieff. Messrs Creighton build torpedo-boats at Abo in Finland, and the Admiralty has steel works at Ijora, where some torpedo-boats have been built; and other ordnance and steel works are at Obukhoff and Putiloff. The new port at Libau includes an outer port, a naval port, and a commercial harbour. In the first named is a large
- basin for ships completing, surrounded by storehouses, workshops,
and other buildings, as well as another large basin with dry docks and workshops for repair, the two being connected by a canal. The works in the naval port were approaching completion in 1901. At Vladivostok a fine new dry dock has been opened, which is 550 feet long and 90 feet wide. The facilities of Port Arthur are being considerably developed, and the completion of the railway adds greatly to the importance of the port. Italy.—The principal Italian state dockyards are Spezia, Naples, and Venice, the first named being by far the most important. It covers an area, including the water spaces, of 629 acres, and there are five dry docks, three of them being 433 feet long and 105 feet wide, and two of them 361 feet long and 98 feet 6 inches wide. The dockyard is very completely equipped with machinery of the best British, German, and Italian makes. At Spezia several of the finest Italian ships have been built. The number of hands employed in the yard averages 4000. Spezia has two building slips, and for smaller vessels there are two in the neighbouring establishment of San Bartolommeo (which is the headquarters for submarine mining), and one at San Vito, where is a Government gun factory. The dockyard at Naples covers an area of about 18 acres, but at Castellammare the establishment is a little larger. There are four building slips at the last-named establishment, and a fine dry dock is at Naples. At Venice are two fine dry docks, 361 feet long, and two building slips, and the yard is well equipped for turning out iron and steel forgings. A large dry dock has been built at Taranto. There is a small naval establishment at Maddalena Island on the Strait of Bonifacio. The Italian Government has no gun or torpedo factories, nearly all the ordnance coming from the Armstrong factory at Pozzuoli, near Naples, and the torpedoes from the Schwarzkopf factory at Venice, while armour-plates are produced at the important works at Terni. Machinery is supplied by the firms of Ansaldo, Odero, Orlando, Guppy & Hawthorn, and Pattison. The three establishments first named have important shipbuilding yards, and have constructed vessels for the Italian and foreign navies. The Orlando Yard at Leghorn is Government property, but is leased by the firm, and possesses five building slips. Austria-Hungary.—The naval arsenal is on the wellprotected harbour of Pola, in Istria, which is the headquarters of the national navy, and includes establishments of all kinds for the maintenance of the fleet. There are large building and docking facilities, and a number of warships have been built there. There is a construction yard also at Trieste. A new coaling and torpedo station is at Teodo, large magazines and stores are at Vallelunga, and the mining establishment is at Ficella. The shipbuilding branch of the navy is under the direction of a chief constructor (Oberster-Ingenieur), assisted by seven constructors, of whom two are of the first class. The engineering and ordnance branches are similarly organized. Spain.—The Spanish dockyards are of considerable antiquity, but of diminishing importance. There is an establishment at Ferrol, another at Cartagena, and a third at Cadiz. They are well equipped in all necessary respects, but are not provided with continuous work. A recent arrangement is the specialization of the yards, Ferrol being designed for larger, and Cartagena for smaller, building work. The ordnance establishment is at Carraca.
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Japan.—The principal Japanese dockyard, which was established by the Shogunate in 1866, is Yokosuka. French naval constructors and engineers were employed, and several wooden ships were built there. The Japanese took the administration into their own hands in 1875, and have built a number of vessels of small displacement in the yard. The limit of size has been about 5000 tons, but it is intended to enlarge the establishment so that vessels of the first class may ultimately be built there. There is a firstclass modern dry dock which will take the largest battleship. About 4000 hands are employed. Shipbuilding would be undertaken to a larger extent but for the fact that nearly all material has to come from abroad. All the important vessels of the Japanese navy have been built in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States. Japan has dockyards of lesser importance at Kure and Sassebo, and a fourth is being established at Maisuru, on the northwest coast of the main island. (j. ld.) Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (“Lewis Carroll”) (1832-1898), English mathematician and author.—The literary life of “ Lewis Carroll ” is familiar to every one, but the private life of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was retired and practically uneventful. The son of the Rev. Charles Dodgson, vicar of Daresbury, he was born in that village on 2 7th January 1832. After four years’ schooling at Rugby, he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in May 1850; and from 1852 till 1870 held a studentship there. He took his degree in 1854, and the following year was appointed mathematical lecturer at Christ Church, a post he continued to fill till 1881. In 1861 he was ordained. His earliest publications, beginning with A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry (1860) and The Formulae of Plane Trigonometry (1861), were exclusively mathematical; but late in the year 1865 he published, under the pseudonym of “ Lewis Carroll,” Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, a work that was the outcome of his keen sympathy with the imagination of children and their sense of fun. Its success was immediate, and the name of “ Lewis Carroll ” has ever since been a household word. It was followed (in the “ Lewis Carroll ” series) by Phantasmagoria, in 1869; Through the Looking-Glass, in 1871; The Hunting of the Snark, 1876; Rhyme and Reason, 1883; A Tangled Tale, 1885; and Sylvie and Bruno, in two parts, 1889 and 1893. A number of anonymous skits on Oxford topics, that appeared between 1865 and 1874, were due to his pen. While “Lewis Carroll ” was delighting children of all ages, C. L. Dodgson periodically published mathematical works, such as An Elementary Treatise on Determinants (1867), Euclid, Book V., proved Algebraically (1874), Curiosa Mathematica (1888); and throughout this dual existence Mr Dodgson pertinaciously refused to acquiesce in being publicly identified with “Lewis Carroll.” Though the fact of his authorship of the “ Alice ” books was an open secret, he invariably stated, when occasion called for such a pronouncement, that “ Mr Dodgson neither claimed nor acknowledged any connexion with the books not published under his name.” He died at Guildford, 14th January 1898. (r. p. s.) Dodona..—The ruins at Dramisos, near Tsacharovista, in Epirus, consisting of a theatre, the walls of a town, and some other buildings, had been conjectured to be those of Dodona by Wordsworth in 1832, but the conjecture was changed into ascertained fact by the excavations of M. Carapanos. In 1875 he made some preliminary investigations; soon after, an extensive discovery of antiquities was made by peasants, digging without authority; and after this M. Carapanos made a systematic excavation of the whole site. The topographical and
