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D 0 L N J A-T UZLA—DON 505 teristik des Jesuitenordens (Nordlingen, 1889), in which he Voronezh, Kharkoff, and Ekaterinoslav lie to the west, the deals with the moral theology of St Alphonso de Liguori. Sea of Azov to the south-west, the Caucasian provinces He died in Munich, on the 14th January 1890, at the Kuban and Stavropol to the south, Astrakhan and Saratov age of ninety-one. In his latest moments he refused the to the east. Area, 63,532 square miles. Population (1897), sacraments at the hands of a Roman Catholic priest, and 2,575,818. It almost entirely belongs to the domain of the the last offices were performed by his faithful and South Russian prairies, having the character of higher, attached friend Professor Friedrich. ravinated plains in the north (Donetskiy Kryazk), west, and In addition to the works referred to in the foregoing sketch, we south-west, while in the south-east, towards the Manych, may mention The Eucharist in the First Three Centuries (Mainz, they belong to the type of the dry Aral-Caspian steppes 1826), a Church History (Ratisbon, 1836-1838), Hippolytus and (Zadonsk Steppe), dotted with salt lakes. The geological Callistus (Ratisbon, 1854), First Age of Christianity (1860). His Lectures on the Reunion of the Churches and on The Vatican formation consists of Carboniferous sandstones, clay slates Decrees have also been published. Both these last have been and limestones containing anthracite and coal; Cretaceous translated into English. j j,* ) marls, chalk, sandstone, and green sands—chalk cliffs accomDolnja-Tuzla, capital of the district of Tuzla in the panying the Don for 200 miles of its course; and Miocene province of Bosnia, Austria-Hungary, beautifully situated limestones and clays. Coal is extracted in the south-west, in a mountainous district on the right bank of the Julia, also some chalk, slate, limestone, and salt. The surface, at the terminus of a branch railway line from Doboj, from especially west of the Don, is fertile black earth, interrupted which it is 38J miles south-east. From a very ancient date here and there, and especially in the Zadonsk Steppe, with it has had an important connexion with the salt industry, clay impregnated with salt. The province is watered by the being known by the Romans as Ad Salinas, while in the Don and its tributaries, of which the Donets, Chir, and Mius Middle Ages it was known as Sou or Sow, the capital of are on the left bank, Khoper and Medvyeditsa on the right. the salt district. It is the seat of an Orthodox bishop. A The Don is navigable for more than 650 miles below high school (pbergymnasium) was opened in 1898. Of late, Voronezh, attaining, after its junction with the Sosna, a attempts have been made to develop the salt industry. width of 250 to 300 yards, and 600 yards in its lower course. There are coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and there is Before entering the Sea of Azov it sends it a long navialso a trade in corn, cattle, swine, and horses. An am- gable branch, the Aksai, and in its delta it divides into some monia soda factory has been opened near the town. The thirty minor branches {ghirla). The Don is a very impopulation is 10,227, all Mahommedans, including a per- portant artery of navigation for S.E. Russia; and as it approaches very near to the Volga at Kalach, which is manent colony of gypsies. connected by a 40-miles railway with Tsaritsyn on the Dominica., the largest island in the colony of the Leeward Islands, of which it forms one of the five Volga, goods shipped down or up the latter (corn, naphtha, presidencies. The temperature ranges from 78° to 86° in timber, &c., 450,000 tons every year) are transported to the hot season (from August to October), and from 72° to the Don in order to be shipped to Rostov and Taganrog 84° during the cooler months. In spite of the heavy rain- for export or to be sent up the river to Central Russia; fall (varying in different parts of the island from 50 to at the same time goods imported to the last-named ports 162 inches per annum) the atmosphere is dry, the rain are brought to Kalach and transported to the Volga to sinking into the porous soil very rapidly. The climate, be sent up this river. Moreover, in its upper parts the though hot on the low ground, is decidedly healthy for the Don is connected by a canal with the Oka, tributary of the tropics, and no case of yellow fever has occurred since Volga. Nearly 550,000 tons of various goods are shipped 1850. In 1871 the census return gave 27,178 in- every year in the basin of the Don, the chief ports being habitants; that of 1891 gave 26,841 (335 white, 6806 Rostov, Taganrog on the Sea of Azov, Kalach, and Uryucoloured, and 19,700 black). In 1900 the population pina. The climate is continental and dry, the average was estimated at 30,000. The value of the imports for temperatures being:—year 43° Fahr., January 13°, July 1874 was £56,714; for 1899, £66,433; while for 1874 72°, at Uryupina (50° 48' N.; alt. 92 ft.); and year 48° exports were £67,720; and for 1899, £64,070. The Fahr., January 21 , July 73°, at Taganrog. The yearly principal exports in 1899 were limes and lime-juice, cacao, amount of rain is only 13‘4 and 17'5 inches respectively. and sugar. Other products are coffee, cocoanuts, nutmegs, Forests cover only 2 per cent, of the area. Nearly one-half of the population (966,869, of whom 483,174 cloves, cinnamon, and other spices, oranges, bananas, pinewere men and 483,695 women, out of a total population which was apples, and almost all tropical fruits. The tonnage of the 2,078,878 in 1891) belong to the Cossacks. The great bulk of the vessels entered and cleared during 1898 was (steam, population belong to the Greek Orthodox Church ; there were, 447,324; sailing, 9674) 456,998, of which 451,136 was* moreover, in 1891, 123,039 Nonconformists, 43,714 other ChrisBritish and 5862 foreign. The revenue for 1874 was tians, 15,154 Jews, 2478 Mussulmans, and 29,550 Lamaite Kalmyks, who also belonged to the Cossack Voisko. The Cossacks own £15,022; for 1898, £24,570. The expenditure for 1874 23,485,640 acres of land and have a reserve of 6,210,000 acres, was £17,456; for 1898, £24,648. The manufactures of #more than half of which is rented. Provincial self-government the island include sugar, lime-juice, and bay-oil; there are was introduced in 1879, but withdrawn three years later. The many peasant proprietors and metayers. In religion, province is well provided with schools, especially on the Cossack Roman Catholics predominate. Education in the primary territory. Agriculture is the main occupation, hut the crops vary very schools is free and by law compulsory. The Cambridge much from year to year on account of want of rain (from 3,524,000 Local Examinations are held in the colony. The French to 8,420,000 quarters). Vine-growing on a large scale and tobacco patois, a result of French occupation from time to time, culture are carried on in the south. Cattle-breeding is important, is the predominant language of the peasant class, but there being 532,688 horses (some very fine breeds), 1,889,600 cattle, and 3,093,600 sheep. Rich fisheries at the mouth of English is understood by many, and its general use is in- horned the Don. Nearly 13,000 persons are engaged in coal-mining, creasing. ^ In 1898 the local legislature, in consideration 580,000 tons of anthracite and 700,000 tons of coal being extracted of pecuniary assistance from Great Britain, passed an Act yearly.. The yearly production of all factories attains £2,261,000, abrogating the semi-elective constitution and providing for the chief of them being ironworks, and tobacco factories. The are considerable, consisting chiefly of corn, cattle, horses, a Legislative Council of 12 members,—6 official and 6 exports sheep, wine, fish, and hides. unofficial,—all nominated by the Governor. The province is under the Ministry of War, and is divided into districts: Donets (chief town Kamenskaya, 23,576 inh.), Don, Province of the (Russian, Donskaya nine Don (Konstantinovskaya, 8808 inh.), Second Don (NizhneOblast), a province of S.E. Russia. The governments of First Chirskaya, 15,196 inh.), Rostov (chief town Rostov-on-the-Don, S. III.— 64