554
DUTCH
EAST
INDIES — DVOfti.K
Renaissance edifice (1879), and in front of it a large bronze group representing the river Rhine and its chief tributaries, by Tushaus and C. Janssen (1897); Petri Kirche; and the house in which the poet Freiligrath (1810—76) lived. Farther south, in the suburb of Bilk, there are the Flora Garten and the Yolks Garten, the astronomical observatory (51° 12' 25" N. lat., 6° 46' 13" E. long.), and the harbour. Towards the extreme north-east lie the zoological gardens. Within quite recent years Dusseldorf has made remarkable progress as an industrial centre. The first place is occupied by the iron industries, embracing foundries, furnaces, engineering and machine shops, &c. Next come cotton spinning and weaving, calico printing, yarn-spinning, dyeing, and similar textile branches, besides a variety of other industries. Population (1885), 115,190; (1890), 144,642; (1895), 175,985; (1900), 212,949. Dutch East Indies. See Malay Archipelago. DUX (Czech, Duchovcov), a town in the government district of the same name in Bohemia, Austria; the centre of an extensive lignite or brown coal deposit, which is worked in sixteen different pits. It has also a steam cornmill and a sugar refinery, and manufactures glass, porcelain, earthenware, and hosiery. There are numerous memorials of Wallenstein in the cMteau of Count Waldstein, which also contains a collection of arms and armour, a picture gallery, and a library of about 24,000 volumes. Population in 1890, 10,141; in 1900, 11,921, the majority German and Catholic (Czechs, estimated at 29 per cent.; Protestants and Jews, 1 per cent. each). Dvinsk, the official name (since 1893) of Dunaburg, a fortress of Western Russia, and district town of the government, 183 miles by rail north-west of Vitebsk, on the right bank of the Diina, and at the crossing of two main lines—Riga-Smolensk and Wilno-St Petersburg. It is the chief strategic position for the defence of the Diina. The population of Dvinsk rapidly increased from 25,764 in 1860, to 72,230 in 1897. It consists chiefly of Jews (about 30,000), Lithuanians, and Letts. Dvordk, Anton (1841 ), Bohemian musical composer, born at Nelahozeves (otherwise Muhlhausen) in Bohemia on 8th September 1841, was the son of Frantisek Dvorak, a small publican and village butcher. At the door of his father’s inn Dvorak first imbibed the “ concord of sweet sounds ” uttered by peripatetic musicians, and there he first appeared as a practical musician, taking his place among the fiddlers who scraped out their “ furiants ” and other wild dances for the benefit of the holiday-making local beaux and belles. At the village school he learnt from Josef Spitz both to sing and to play the violin with so much effect that soon he was able to assist in the parish church services. But the seriousness of life came home soon to the youth, who at twelve years old was sent by his father to Zlonic, near Schlan, to an uncle, with whom he lived while passing through the higher-grade classes at school. Here, too, he was fortunate enough to find a valuable friend in A. Liehmann, organist and chief musician of the little town, a competent musician, who instructed the boy in elementary theory, organ and pianoforte playing. The theory studies, however, could not long be continued, since Liehmann soon acknowledged in his own dialect that “Aus Tonda, dem Sappermentsbuben ’mal ’was werden konnte,” at the same time realizing that he could not do much to assist. But Dvorak soon left Zlonic for Bohmisch-Kamnitz, where he learnt German and advanced his musical studies under Hancke. A year later he was summoned to return to Zlonic to assist his father, who had set up in business there. But
his craving for a musical career was not to be denied, and after considerable trouble with Dvorak senior, consent was obtained to his settling in Prague in order to devote himself entirely to music. In October 1857 Dvofak entered the organ-school of the “ Gesellschaft der Kirchenmusik,” where he worked for three yeaTs. The small financial aid his father was at first able to lend soon ceased, and after being in Prague but a few months Dvofak found himself practically thrown on his own resources to obtain a livelihood. This he obtained precariously by playing the viola in a private orchestra and by making music in various inns of the town. On the opening in 1862 of the Bohemian Interimstheater, Dvofak, with part of this band, formed the nucleus of the theatrical orchestra, and remained connected with it for eleven years, when he became organist of the church of St Adalbert. At this time his small stipend was augmented slightly by the fees of a few pupils, though the privations
ANTON DVORAK. {From a photograph by Draycott, London.) suffered by him and his wife—whom he had recently married—must have been great. But in spite of financial worry and of the amount of time he had to devote to his professional duties and private pupils, Dvofak found leisure not only for his own studies of the classics, but also to compose. His work, like his daily life, was beset with difficulties, for he had not the means to provide himself with sufficient music - paper, much less to hire a pianoforte; and it is possible that several of his important early works would never have been written had it not been for the generosity of Karel Bendl, the distinguished composer, who helped him in many ways. Dvofak himself has said since that he retained no recollection of much that he then composed. In and about 1864 two symphonies, a host of songs, some chambermusic, and an entire opera, Alfred, lay unheard in his desk. The libretto of this opera was made up from
