HISTORY.]
EGYPTOLOGY
723
son (Plate, Fig. 6) are the most important figures re4 Ramessu VI. a 4 Merenptah a 10 Ramessu XII. (?) b 5 Sety II. a maining. 7 Siptah a XXI Dynasty: Of the Vlth-Xth Dynasties no great discovery has been 8 Setnekht a 1 Nezemt b made The inscriptions at Siut of Khety L, Tefaba, and 2 Painezem I. b XX Dynasty: Khety II. belong to the age of Ka-mery-ra of the Xth 3 Masahart b 1 Ramessu III. b Dynasty (4). The general course of art through this dark 4 Painezem II. b 2 Ramessu IV. a 15 3 Ramessu V. a age has been traced out in the cemetery of Dendereh ( ). The group of foreign kings mainly known by scarabs (Fig. 7) and cylinders, Khyan, Samqan, Anthar, Yaqebhar, Shesha, and Uazed, are probably of the XVth - XYIth Dynasties, though some connexions place them shortly before the Xllth Dynasty. The works of Khyan have been found as far apart as Crete and Baghdad. The whole class of so-called Hyksos statues and sphinxes are also in the same position of doubt. And in this class it seems most probable that the peculiar style and physiognomy was followed in the Vllth, the XYIth, and even the XXIst Dynasty. There are certainly several different foreign types confounded together at present in one class of royal heads. The Xlth Dynasty has been mainly illustrated by Fig. 4.—Ebony Tablet of Mena: the oldest written sentence known. {Circa 4700 b.c.) the sculptures of Koptos To the age of the XVIIIth Dynasty belong some of the (Antef Y.) (n) and of Dendereh tombs (15). The old 2 style of the lYth to YIth Dynasties continued in a con- most important foreign connexions ( ). The discovery at Tell-el-Amarna of some hundreds of tablets of cuneiform stantly degrading form until the name of Antefs shows that the beginning of the Xlth Dynasty is reached (15). correspondence, between the kings of Egypt and the kings During that dynasty a rapid recovery took place, and and governors of Mesopotamia and Syria, has shown a brief the close of the Xlth and early Xllth Dynasty is the glimpse of about ten or fifteen years out of an intercourse highest point of this age. The main new discoveries of this of some centuries: we see the wealth of Asia, the conperiod are the temple sculptures of Koptos (H) (Amenem- tinual passage of messengers and of commerce,. and the for a time the widespread hat I., Usertesen I.); the statues and pyramid of Lisht position of Egypt in heading 20 21 (Usertesen I.); the jewellery of the princesses from Dah- civilization of the East ( ) ( ). The other view is opened westwards by the common shur (14) (Usertesen II., III. [Plate, Fig. 8], and Amenemhat III.); the pyramid of Usertesen III. (14) (Dahshur); the occurrence of early Greek pottery in Egypt and of pyramid of Usertesen II. (18) (El Lahun); the pyramid of Egyptian objects in Greece. In prehistoric times—about Hawara (17) and colossi of Biahmu (16) (Amenemhat III.). Of the XIIIth-XYIIth Dynasties no great discovery has been made. An attempt to bring some of the Antef kings into the Xlllth Dynasty (see A.Z. xxxiii. 77) is contradicted both by the style of the monuments and by the list of the Turin Papyrus. ANT-I1ER. SEMQEN. The most astonishing discovery of the 19th century was Fig. 7.—Scarabs of Foreign Kings. {Circa 3450 B.c.) that of the actual mummies of many of the kings of the XVIIIth-XXIst Dynasties at Thebes (19). They had been collected into two hiding-places for safety, the tomb 6000 B.c.—large ships (seen painted on tombs and vases) of Amenhotep II. (a), and the tomb of the priest-kings of carried the trade of the Mediterranean, and brought foreign the XXIst Dynasty, near Deir-el-Bahri (6). The bodies pottery to Egypt. In the 1st Dynasty the earliest style of Greek pottery yet known is found in the tombs of the found (4) are those of :— kings (about 4500 B.c.), and the silvery alloy of the royal 6 Tahutmes III. b XVII Dynasty: gold points to its source in Asia Minor. In the Xllth 7 Amenhotep II. a 7 Seqenenra III. & Dynasty pottery identical with that of Crete is found in 8 Tahutmes IV. XVIII Dynasty: 9 Amenhotep III. a 1 Aahmes I. b the town ruins (Kahun), and designs from objects of the XIX Dynasty : Nefertari b Xllth Dynasty are found in Crete, as also a diorite statue 1 Ramessu I. b 2 Amenhotep I. b from Egypt. In the XVIIIth Dynasty hundreds of pieces 2 Sety I. b 3 Tahutmes I. b 3 Ramessu II. b of vases of Rhodian types are found in the palace rubbish 4 Tahutmes II. b
