CHRISTIANIA one Christ, and nothing real but Mind. Matter and sickness are subjective states of error, delusions which can be dispelled by the mental process of a true knowledge of God and Christ, or Christian science. Jesus himself healed by those means, which were therefore natural and not miraculous, and promised that those who believed should do curative works like his. About the year 1867 Mrs Eddy came forward as a healer by Mind-cure, and rapidly obtained fellow-workers and students. In 1876 a Christian Scientist Association was organized. Mrs Eddy had published in the preceding year a book entitled Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures. In 1879 she became the pastor of a “ Church of Christ, Scientist ” in Boston, and also founded there her “ Massachusetts Metaphysical College ” for the purpose of medical instruction. In 1883 she started an official organ of her teaching, The Christian Science Journal. The first denominational chapel was built at Oconto, Wisconsin, in 1886 ; and in 1894 a great memorial church was erected in Boston. Mrs Eddy’s publications also include Retrospection and Introspection (1891), Unity of Good and Unreality of Evil (1887), Rudimental Divine Science (1891), Christian Healing (1886). Christiania, the capital of Norway, forming a county {ami) to itself, and situated on the Aker river, at the head of Christiania Fjord, in 59° 54' 44" N. lat. and 10° 43' 28" E. long. During the second half of the 19th century the city grew rapidly, many buildings of wood giving place to structures of brick or stone. New suburbs, spread over a wide area, were built on the rising ground to the west and north-west, around and beyond the royal park. This rapid expansion was due for the most part to the increase in the population. It was also due in part to the advance which the people made in material prosperity. For instance, in the ten years ending with 1898 it was estimated that the gross value of the property owned in Christiania had increased by 68 per cent, and the gross value of the incomes of the inhabitants by 83 per cent. In the year 1898 alone the gross value of the property was estimated to have risen from 17^ millions sterling to nearly 20^ millions sterling, and the gross value of the incomes from 4 millions to over 4| millions sterling—remarkable figures for a place of only 200,000 inhabitants. The university, which had in 1897 some 60 professors and 1200 students (1600 in 1889), embraces five faculties (theology, law, medicine, history and philology, mathematics and natural sciences), and possesses several valuable collections—a library of 350,000 vols.; museum of Norse antiquities, especially rich in objects of the Viking age, including two ancient viking ships; an ethnographical museum, a numismatic collection, a cabinet of minerals, a botanical collection, and a zoological collection. In 1899-1900 a large historical museum was built to shelter the Norwegian National Museum, the museum of northern antiquities, and certain of the university collections. Other buildings deserving mention are the national theatre (1899); the sculpture museum (1882), an Italian Renaissance building; the industrial arts museum (1876); the new Freemasons’ lodge (1894), one of the handsomest structures in the city; and a conservatory of music (1883). The city is tolerably well adorned with monuments to distinguished Norwegians —Wergeland, Asbjornsen, Eilert Sundt, Schweigaard, Kjerulf, besides King Christian IV. and others. On the east side of the river Aker is the suburb of Oslo, with the existing episcopal palace, and an old bishop’s palace, in which James VI. of Scotland (I. of England) was betrothed to Princess Anne of Denmark. In the environs of the city are the royal pleasure castle
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of Oscarshal (1847-52), on the peninsula Bygdo (Ladugaard) to the west of the city, with a historical museum (1881), and some ancient churches and houses brought there from different parts of the country. On Hovedo (Head Island) in the fjord, immediately opposite to Akershus (not Agershus), are the ruins of a Cistercian monastery, founded in 1147 by monks from Kirkstead (Lincolnshire), and burnt down in 1532. Then there are the pleasure resorts of St Hans Haugen (150 ft.), Frognersseter (1362 ft.), Holmenkollen sanatorium (1116 ft.), where the famous ski (snow-shoe) races are held in February, and Voksenkollen sanatorium (1650 ft.), opened in 1900. Christiania is a place of considerable industrial activity, which developed rapidly in the last two decades of the 19th century. Except for two large shipbuilding yards, one with a floating dock, the other with a dry dock, most of the manufactories are concentrated in the suburb of Sagene, on the north side of the city, deriving their motive power from the numerous falls of the river Aker. They embrace factories for cotton and woollen spinning and weaving, paper, flour, soap and oil, bricks and tiles, matches, nails (especially horse-shoe nails), margarine, foundries and engineering shops, wood-pulp, tobacco, matches, linen, glass, sail-cloth, hardware, gunpowder, chemicals, with sawmills, breweries, and distilleries. In 1898 there were 375 factories at work in Christiania, and they employed 17,383 hands. There is also a busy trade in the preparation of granite paving-stones, and in the storing and packing of ice. From about the middle of the 19th century Christiania has been the principal emporium of South Norway, and has long since far outstripped Bergen in the volume of its commerce. The total value of the trade of the port increased from <£4,958,600 (imports, <£3,862,000 ; exports, £1,096,600) in 1872, to £5,492,000 in 1882, to £7,738,000 in 1892, and to £8,567,200 in 1898. The imports are more than four times the exports in respect of value, the figures for 1898 being £7,987,600 and £1,579,600 respectively. The former consist principally of grain and flour (£550,000 to £650,000), woollens (£450,000 to £550,000), coffee (£425,000 to £475,000), iron—raw and manufactured (£750,000 in 1898; £367,000 in 1894), cottons (£350,000 to £400,000), coal (£250,000 to £275,000), bacon and salt meat (£250,000 to £275,000), oils (£175,000 to over £250,000), sugar (£185,500 to £230,000), machinery (£362,000 in 1898; £149,000 in 1894), flax, jute, and hemp, paper-hangings, paints, colours, &c., wines and spirits, raw tobacco, copper, zinc, lead, and tin, silk, molasses, and other commodities. The principal exports are wood-pulp (£225,000 to £325,000), timber (£155,000), nails, paper, butter and margarine (£103,000), matches, condensed milk, fish, leather and hides, ice, sealskins, &c. Of the imports, Great Britain supplies the greater part of the cotton and woollen yarn, the machinery (including ships), and the raw metals; the United States about one-half of the oils and fats, and a large proportion of the food-stuffs, and skins, feathers, &c. Of the exports, almost the whole of the timber goes to Great Britain, together with the larger portion of the paper and food-stuffs (butter, &c.). In 1872 the port was entered by 1787 vessels of 393,600 tons burden; in 1891 by 2078 vessels of 817,800 tons; and in 1899 by 2710 vessels of 1,000,740 tons. Although Christiania owns a smaller merchant fleet than Bergen, her shipping increased from 264 vessels of 104,000 tons in 1881 to 401 vessels of 206,150 tons in 1892, and to 398 vessels of 380,525 tons in 1900. Early in 1899 the municipality voted £47,000 for the construction of a pier, a harbour for fishing-boats, protected by a mole and a quay, 345 ft. long, on the shore
