LOCKKOY
LOISY
he calls The Eeasonableness of Christianity
(1695). In this, however, he regards the
ethical and humanitarian essence, not the
doctrines, of Christianity. He was a
Theist, and sanctioned the suppression of
Atheists ; and his language must be read in
relation to the persecuting age in which he
lived ; but his philosophy of the mind
raises a question whether he can have
believed in personal immortality. D.
Oct. 28, 1704.
LOCKROY, Etienne Auguste Edouard, French statesman. B. 1838. In 1860 Lockroy fought in Garibaldi s army, and from 1860 to 1864 he was Kenan s secre tary. He then adopted journalism and politics. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1871. In 1886-87 he was Minister of Commerce and Industry, in 1888 Minister of Public Instruction, in 1889, 1893, and 1902-1905 Vice-President of the Chambre, and in 1895-96 and 1898-99 Minister of Marine. Lockroy wrote a number of political and naval works. There is much incidental Eation- .alism in his Au hazard de la vie (1903). D. Nov. 22, 1913.
LOEB, Professor Jacques, American physiologist. B. Apr. 7, 1859. Ed. Berlin Gymnasium, and Berlin, Munich, and Strassburg Universities. Loeb was assis tant in physiology at Wiirzburg University 1886-88, and at Strassburg University 1888-89. The next two years he spent at the Naples Biological Station, and in 1891 he settled in America. He was associate professor of biology at Bryn Mawr 1891-92, assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology at Chicago University 1892-95, associate professor 1895-1900, professor 1900-1902, and professor at California University 1902-1910. Since 1910 he has been head of the Department of Experimental Biology at the Eockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York. His chief works are The Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology (1902), The Dynamics of Living 453
Matter (1906), The Mechanistic Conception
of Life (1912), The Organism as a Whole
(1916), and Forced Movements, Tropisms,
and Animal Conduct (1918). An exact
and brilliant investigator, and one of the
leading masters of experimental biology,
he detests all mysticism. His Organism
as a Whole is " dedicated to the group
of Freethinkers, including D Alembert,
Diderot, Holbach, and Voltaire, who first
dared to follow the consequences of a
mechanistic science to the rules of human
conduct." He is a strong humanitarian
and advocate of peace, an Honorary Asso
ciate of the Eationalist Press Association,
and a member of the American National
Academy of Sciences, the American Philo
sophical Society, the Linnaean Society,
the Cambridge Philosophical Society, the
French Institut, the Brussels and Cracow
Academies of Science, and other learned
bodies.
LOISY, Alfred Firmin, French orien talist. B. Feb. 28, 1857. Ed. Chalons Seminary. He was ordained priest, and discharged the customary duties for two years (1879-81). Appointed professor of Hebrew and of Biblical literature at the Catholic Institute of Paris in 1881, he became one of the most distinguished scholars of the Eoman Church, but his Histoire du canon de I ancien Testament (1890) drew upon him the attention of the authorities. Three years later he was removed on account of his liberalism, and for five years he served as chaplain to the Dominicans at Neuilly, repeatedly troubling the Eoman authorities with his publications. His brilliant Eeligion d Israel (1901) was put on the Index, as have been all his later works. From 1900 to 1904 he was lecturer at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes (Paris University). In 1915 he signalized his complete abandonment of theology by publishing Guerre et Eeligion, in which he pleads for a purely humanitarian faith. He no longer finds " any precise meaning " in the words " Glory to God in the highest," but stresses more than ever the " Peace on 454
