she wrote: "It is vain to try to uphold religion; her own ministers are her assassins" (Three Generations of English Women, by Janet Ross, p. 142). D. Aug. 8, 1867.
Avebury, the Right Hon. John Lubbock, Baron, P.O., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. B. Apr. 30,1834. Ed. Eton. At the age of fifteen lie left Eton and entered his father's bank, of which he became a partner in 1856. Darwin was a neighbour of his father, and Lubbock was thus stimulated in the study of natural history and geology. He has written volumes on flowers, insects, free trade, scenery, finance, animal psychology, comparative religion, primitive man, and -ethical and social subjects. He was a "President General of the Age" (says the obituary notice in Nature}. His chief works were Prehistoric Times (1865) and The Origin of Civilization (1870). His Pleasures of Life sold half a million copies, and was translated into forty languages. He was at various dates President of the Institute of Bankers, President of the London Chamber of Commerce, Member of Parliament for Maidstone (1870-80) and London University (1880-1900), Vice-Chancellor of London University, President of the Ethnological Society, and Chairman of the London County Council. He was also a Commander of the Legion of Honour. Lubbock's zeal for progress was wide and active (see H. G. Hutchinson's Life of Sir J. Lubbock, 1914), and, though he rarely touches religion, he was an advanced Rationalist. He admitted a "Divine Power," but resented "contradictory assertions under the name of mystery" (Origin of Civilization, close of ch. viii). D. May 28, 1913.
Aveling, Edward Bibbins, D.Sc., anatomist and social writer. B. 1851. Ed. Taunton and London University. He was professor of anatomy at the London Hospital from 1875 to 1881, and member of the London School Board 1882-84. Aveling was active in the Socialist and Rationalist Movements, publishing The Creed of An Atheist (1881), The Irreligion of Science (1881), and various scientific works. D. Aug. 2, 1898.
Aveling, Eleanor Marx, writer. B. 1855, daughter of Karl Marx. She translated Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1886) and Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea (1891); and she wrote The Working-Class Movement in America (1888) and (in conjunction with Dr. E. B. Aveling, with whom she lived) The Woman Question (1888). D. Mar. 31, 1898.
Avenarius, Professor Richard, German philosopher. B. Nov. 1843. Ed. Zurich, Berlin, and Leipzig Universities. He began to teach at Leipzig in 1876, and was professor at Zurich from 1877 until he died. He was joint editor of the Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, and wrote many important works on philosophy. Avenarius was a "Critical Empiricist," relying upon experience purified of all metaphysics, and rejecting the dualism of body and mind and all creeds based on that belief. There are studies of his life and ideas by O. Ewald, F. Raab, and F. Carstanjen. D. Aug. 18, 1896.
Avenel, Georges, French historical writer. B. Dec. 31, 1828. He had a considerable authority on the French Revolution, and was for a time editor of the République Française. Avenel wrote Anacharsis Clootz (2 vols.), etc., and edited the popular issue of Voltaire's complete works (9 vols., 1867-70). He worked devotedly for Rationalism during the reaction of the Second Empire. D. July 1, 1876.
Aymon, Jean, D.D., French writer. B. 1661. Aymon was a Roman Catholic priest who seceded, retired to Holland, and wrote Métamorphoses de la religion Romaine (1700). In 1719 he published La vie et l'esprit de M. Benoit Spinoza, which was afterwards modified and issued as the famous Traité des Trois Imposteurs. D. 1734.
