ordered, in 1634, to retire to the castle of Compiegne, and all her adherents were either banished or confined in the Bastile. Richelieu was now all-powerful in the kingdom, and Mary soon felt she was a prisoner at Compiegne; she therefore escaped, went to Belgium, England, and Germany, wandering about from place to place in much sorrow, and even want. Repeatedly she demanded justice from the parliament; but she was a weak woman, and who would dare listen to her complaints against the vindictive cardinal, who was the real sovereign of the state? After leading this miserable wandering life for about ten years, the poor exiled queen died at Cologne, 1642, in great poverty and sorrow. Mary was unfortunate, but there is no stain of vice or cruelty on her character. She did much to embellish Paris, built the superb palace of Luxembourg, the fine aqueducts and public walks called Cours-la-Reine, She was jealous, and suffered deeply in her affections from the licentiousness of her husband, which was, probably, the first cause of her violent temper, so often censured. His was the fault. Had Henry the Fourth been a faithful husband, Mary would, no doubt, have been a devoted wife. "She was," says one of her biographers, "ambitious from vanity, confiding from want of intelligence, and more avaricious of distinction than power." The defects of character thus enumerated are such as a bad or neglected education induces, rather than the emanations of a bad heart.
MARY I., QUEEN OF ENGLAND,
Eldest daughter of Henry the Eighth, by his first wife Catharine, of Spain, was born at Greenwich, in February, 1517. Her mother was very careful of her education, and provided her with proper tutors. Her first preceptor was the famous Linacre; and after his death, Lewis Vires, a learned Spaniard, became her tutor. She acquired, under these learned men, a thorough knowledge of the Latin; so that Erasmus commends her epistles in that language.
Towards the end of her father's reign, at the earnest request of Queen Catharine Parr, she undertook to translate Erasmus' Paraphrase on the Gospel of St. John; but, being taken ill soon after she commenced it, she left it to be finished by her chaplain. It was published; but on Mary's accession to the throne, she issued a proclamation suppressing it; and it is supposed that the sickness that seized her while translating this work was affected.
Edward the Sixth, her brother, dying July 6th., 1553, she was proclaimed queen the same month, and crowned in October, Upon her accession, she declared in her speech to the council that she would not persecute her Protestant subjects; but, in the following month, she prohibited preaching without a special license, and in less than three months the Protestant bishops were excluded the house of Lords, and all the statutes of Edward the Sixth respecting the Protestant religion were repealed.
In July, 1554, she was married to Prince Philip of Spain, who was eleven years younger than herself, and by temper little disposed to act the lover. His ruling passion was ambition, which his fond consort was resolved to gratify. She was, however, less successful in this point, than in her favourite wish of reconciling the kingdom to the pope, which was effected in form, by the legate. Cardinal Pole. The sanguinary laws against heretics were renewed, and put into execution. The shocking scenes which followed this determina-
