154. The passive formative -in-. Philippines, Tag. : tinawag, "called", word-base tawag — Celebes, Bulu: winwnu, " killed ", word-base wunu — Borneo, Day. : kinan, " eaten ", word-base kan — Java, Old Jav. : giněgō, " held fast ", word- base gěgō — Sumatra, Toba: tinogu, " led ", word-base togu — Madagascar, Hova: tinapaka, "broken", word-base tapaka— Northern Border, Bat.: binobun, "buried"; a cognate, though not etymologically identical, word-base hereto is Day. bumbon, " to conceal under something " — South- Western Border, Mentaway: tinibo, " exposed to the action of smoke ".
155. The signification of the active and passive formatives. We have translated the above-mentioned active and passive forms in a convenient but rough and inadequate way by infinitives and participles. In reality these formatives indicate a number of finer shades of meaning, some in one language, others, it may be, in another. And the number of these is so large that we cannot pronounce any one of them to be Common IN. The most widely spread case is the force of the formative -um- in forming the aorist.
156. The verbal formative -i. This is added to word-bases or to extensions of word-bases and makes them transitive.
The transitive formative -i. Philippines, Tag.: gaway, "to bewitch " < word-base gawa + i — Celebes, Bug. : joppai, " to tread on ", word-base joppa, " to tread " — Borneo, Tidung: taṅkubi, " to cover " — Java, Jav.: nulis, " to write ", nulisi, " to write upon, to cover (e.g. a sheet of paper) with writing " — Sumatra, Mkb.: manaṅih, "to weep", manaṅihi, "to bewail" — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: měnaṅis, "to weep", měnaṅisi, " to bewail " — Madagascar, Old Mlg. : ame, " to give presents to " (see Note) — South- Western Border, Mentaway: gagabai, " to seek ", word-base gaba or gagaba.
Note I. — Tag. gaway < gawa + i signifies " to bewitch ", the word-base gawa means " to make ". For this we have a parallel in Jav., where gawe < gawa + i means " to make ", but ma-gawe " to produce an effect by witchcraft ".
