where anything that looked like an intermediate stage between them.
38. The IN verbal formatives have as a rule three functions: a single IN verbal form represents, first, the infinitive, secondly, the participle, and, thirdly, the finite verb, of Indo-European languages. This state of things is to be styled Common IN, although we have, as above in Nias, found exceptions to it, and shall meet with others hereafter. Thus the Old Jav. atukar < a + WB tukar, according to the context, must sometimes be rendered by “ to brawl ”, sometimes by “ brawling ”, or by “ (I) brawl, (you) brawl ”, etc. The same thing applies to the Hova milefa, “ to flee ”, the Bug. maqrola, “ to prosecute ”, etc., etc. — Illustrations:
I. Old Jav., Jonker's Book of Laws, from the sections about brawling: “ Struck by the kĕris of the brawlers ” = S. through the k. of the brawling (persons) = kasuduk deni ṅ kĕris i ṅ atukar. “ If he begins to brawl ” = yen ambakalana atukar.
II. Hova, Book of the Laws of Ranawaluna, from the sections about fugitive slaves: “ A fleeing slave, if he steals ” = A sl. f., if st. = ni andewu milefa, raha maṅgalatra. “ The slave of a soldier, if he flees ” = ni andewu n ni miaramila, raha milefa.
III. Bug., Book of Laws of Amanna Gappa, from the sections about judicial procedure: “ The prosecutor speaks first ” = Person prosecuting the first speaks = to maqrola e riyolo maqtuqtu.
39. The addition of formatives to a WB not infrequently entails modifications, either slight or more pronounced, in the meaning of the word. In some languages, e.g. Day., this is less marked than in others, e.g. Bug. or Mak. Example.:
I. Dayak.
| WB sala | “ wrong ” |
| basala | “ to be in the wrong, to do wrong ” |
| mañala | “ to accuse, to act wrongly ” |
