58. In several languages the causative formative pa- takes one or other of the active formatives in front of it, without any modification of meaning; thus in Day. we find by the side of pa- a form mampa-, and it is a point not to be overlooked that Hova also has mampa-, whence the above mampaturi, "to let sleep".
59. Alongside of pa-, the chief formative of the causative, there is the less widely distributed secondary form paka-. We find it in the Philippines, Celebes, Java, and the islands at the back of Sumatra, e.g. in Nias under the form faqa–. — Illustration of this causative formative: Bareqe, from the Story of the Deer and the Water-Snail: "Pay particular attention !" = You let + be + alive ears yours = ni pakanaa talĭṅa mi.
The WB is naa.
60. Besides the above-named formatives there are a considerable number of others forming the causative that occur more occasionally, in one language or another, e.g., pe-, pu-, and in Bug. -ěṅ, with which (as we already know) Nias -o is identical, etc.
61. As in the case of the active, so here too in that of the causative we will enumerate all the formatives that occur in a particular language. In this instance we select Bug., the examples are all from the Injilai:
| Formative | pa- | panoq, "to let mount". |
| maqpa- | maqpatěllon, "to erect". | |
| po- | powata, "to make a slave of". | |
| paka- | pakěda < paka + ěda, "to let speak ". | |
| -ěṅ | lěppěssěṅ, "to set free". |
62. As in the case of the active, we will give an instance here of the same WB and the same causative formative running together through a number of languages. The WB is iram, which also appears under the forms idam, injam, etc., according to the phonetic peculiarities of the several languages. The WB means "loan", the causative, therefore, "to effect a loan", which expression is used sometimes for "borrowing" and sometimes for "lending".
