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178 INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS
number of languages. The WB is bunu, “to kill”, also “to fight”, or in other forms wunu, bono, etc.
Philiphines, Tag. : binono
Celebes, Bulu: winunu
Java, Old Jav. : winunuh
Sumatra, Toba: binunu
Madagascar, Hova: wununu.
Note. — In the Hova form the i of the infix has become assimilated to the u of the WB. In Section III we met with an analogous assimilation in Day., a point that is not to be overlooked.
70. Correlation of the passive with the active.
I. It very often happens that certain passive formations are closely connected with certain active ones. Old Jav. -um- forms actives with an aorist sense, and the like shade of meaning is indicated by the passive ka-; hence the active in -um- and the passive in ka-- are correlated together.
II. But just as often no such close connexion exists between active and passive forms respectively. Old Jav. has an active formative ma-, which mostly forms intransitive verbs, but also transitive ones : thus in the Śakuntalā there is the sentence: “No one did evil” = Not was man did evil = tātan hana wwań Jiiagawe hala. This active in ma- in Old Jav. has no specific passive correlative.
III. In Bug. there is a passive derived from the WB gauq, “blue” , viz. rigauq, “to be coloured blue”, but there is no corresponding active. — Alongside of the Hova manduka, “to throw a spear”, from the WB luka, there are two passives: aluka, “to be thrown”, said of the spear, and lukana, “to be hit”, said of the person.
IV. In certain IN languages it has become a regular custom for the transitive active to be accompanied by two passives. The Mlg. grammar calls one of them simply “the passive” , the other “the relative”.
71. Use of the passive. The passive is used much more frequently in IN than it is in the better-known Indo-European
