I. Toba has hardly any other type than the variation u : a, and the instances denote a noise or a discordance: ṅumṅam, “ not harmonious ”, suṅsaṅ, “ inverted ”, lumlam, “ confused ”, juljal, “ to contradict oneself ”.
II. Mad. shows no preference for any particular kind of variation; the meaning is again discordance: cekcok, “ non-sensical ”, cokcak, “ strife ”, salsul , “ mistaken for something else ”.
III. Day. does not employ complete reduplication at all, except in onomatopœic words. The reduplication with the same vowel often denotes a mere repetition of the event, the one with a varying vowel a happening in many different places:
| jakjak, “ to hiss often ” | jikjak, “ to hiss everywhere ”. |
| geṅgeṅ, “ to resound often ” | goṅgeṅ, “ to resound everywhere”. |
The most frequently occurring variation is i : a, irrespective of whether the simple root has i or a:
| lap, “ to sip noisly ” | reduplicated: liplap, |
| kis, “ to sneeze ” | „ kiskas. |
We can observe such phenomena in several other languages besides, but, as Toba, Mad., and Day. have sufficed to show, the various languages diverge to a very marked extent, so that there is no possibility here of drawing any conclusions as to Original IN conditions.
Combination of Roots to form the Word-base.
