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tered in 1836, he retained till 1883. He became president of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions in 1857. He received the de- cree of D. D. from Dartmouth in 1837, and Har- vard in 1841, and that of LL. D. from the Uni- versity of the state of New York in 1857, and from Harvard at its 250th anniversary in 1886. President Hopkins had a large influence for good, and was much be- loved by his pupils, many of whom be- came eminent men, among them James A. Garfield. He was one of the most acute students of moral sci- ence that this coun-

try has produced

since Jonathan Edwards. The last and fullest expression of his philosophical system is found in the works en- titled "The Law of Love and Love as a Law" and "An Outline Study of Man," both exten- sively used as college text-books, and the latter illustrating his methods in the class-room. Will- iams college grew through his efforts to a famous

and powerful institution of learning. Of more

than 1,760 graduates living at the time of his •death, he had taught all but thirty. His first lit- erary essay was an article on " Mystery " which ap- peared in the " American Journal of Science and Arts" in 1828, and attracted wide attention. He delivered a course of Lowell lectures which were published under the title of "Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity " (Boston, 1846 : new ed., 1864). These lectures are used as a text-book in many colleges. His subsequent publications are "Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses" (1847); "Lectures on Moral Science "(1862), originally de- livered before the Lowell institute ; " Baccalau- reate Sermons and Occasional Discourses" (1863); " The Law of Love, and Love as a Law ; or, Chris- tian Ethics " (1869) ; " An Outline Studv of Man " .(New York, 1873); " Strength and Beauty" (1874), which was reissued m a revised form under the title " Teachings and Counsels " (1884) : and " Scrip- tural Idea of Man " (1883). His published annual baccalaureate sermons were widely read. "The Law of Love," in which his theories of morals were presented, was reviewed by Dr. James McCosh. and •a controversy between the two philosophers resulted. — His brother, Albert, astronomer, b. in Stock- bridge, Mass., 14 July, 1807 ; d. in Williamstown, Mass., 24 May, 1872. " He entered Williams in the .junior year and was graduated in 1826, subsequent- ly devoting a year to the study of agriculture and •engineering, 'in 1827 he was elected tutor, and in 1829 professor of mathematics and natural phi- losophy in Williams, and went to Europe in 1834 for the purpose of selecting philosophical and •chemical apparatus for the college. In 1835 he began on his own responsibility the building of an ^astronomical observatory in Williamstown, the first that was ever established in connection with an American college. This building, though equipped with a telescope and other instruments of but moderate power, under Prof. Hopkins's man- agement, made many discoveries which aided in establishing a high reputation for American scien- tists. In 1869 David Dudley Field endowed a memo- rial professorship of astronomy in Williams with $25,000. stipulating that the proceeds should be se- cured to Prof. Hopkins during his life. From 1835 till 1840 he also gave instruction in the French lan- guage. He was licensed to preach by the Berk- shire Congregational association in 1837, and for many years was stated supply to churches in Will- iamstown and South Williamstown, and much of the time was acting college pastor. In 1846 he built, largely from his own means, a chapel at White Oaks, a previously neglected district of the town, where he performed missionary work, and in 1868 organized a church there. Prof. Hopkins was a skilful botanist, and was the first to organ- ize scientific expeditions from colleges, founding in this connection a natural history society and an Alpine club at Williams. He received the de- gree of LL. D. from Jefferson college in 1859, and was elected corresponding fellow of the Royal so- ciety of Great Britain, to whose transactions he was an occasional contributor of papers on astro- nomical and philosophical subjects. — Albert's wife, Louisa Payson, b. in Portland, Me., 24 Feb.. 1812; d. 24 Jan., 1862, was the daughter of Rev. Edward Payson, and married Prof. Hopkins in 1842. She contributed articles to Kitto's " Biblical Cyclopae- dia," "The New York Review," and other periodi- cals, and composed several question-books for the Massachusetts Sunday-school union. Mrs. Hop- kins also wrote numerous works for children which have been admired for their excellent method of illustrating the Bible and its doctrines. They in- clude "The Pastor's Daughter, or The Way of Salvation Explained " (New York, new ed., 1863) ; "Lessons on the Book of Proverbs," "The Young Christian Encouraged." " Henry Langdon, or What was I made for?" (1846);' "The Guiding Star, or The Bible God's Message," a sequel to " Henry Langdon " (Boston, 1851) ; " The Silent Comforter : a Companion for the Sick-Room " (1874) ; and " Payson's Select Thoughts."

HOPKINS, Moses Aaron, clergyman, b. in Montgomery county, Va,, 25 Dec, 1846 ; d. in Monrovia, Liberia. 3 Aug.. 1886. He was of Afri- can descent, and born in slavery, but escaped dur- ing the civil war and became a cook in the Fed- eral army, and afterward on Mississippi steam- boats and at Pittsburg, Pa. He began to learn the alphabet when nearly twenty years old, studied at Avery college, Alleghany City, Pa., and at Lin- coln university, where he was graduated in 1874, and then studied theology at Auburn seminary, N. Y., of which he was the first colored graduate. After receiving ordination as an evangelist at Bal- timore in 1877, he was settled as a pastor in Frank- linton, N. C. and acquired a wide influence over the people of his race as a minister and educator. He took an independent position on political ques- tions, and in 1885 was appointed 17. S. minister resident and consul-general to Liberia.

HOPKINS, Samuel, theologian, b. in Waterbury, Conn., 17 Sept., 1721; d. in Newport, R. I., 20 Dec., 1803. He was brought up on a farm, graduated at Yale in 1741, and trained in theology by Jonathan Edwards. In 1743 he was ordained pastor of the church at Housatonnuc (afterward Great Barrington), Mass., but in January, 1769, he was dismissed because his church was reduced in numbers. On 11 April, 1770, he was settled over a hurch in Newport, R. I. In December, 1776, when the British took possession of Newport, he retired to Great Barrington. During the summer of 1777 he preached to a large congregation at Newburyport, Mass., and subsequently at Canterbury and Stamford, Conn. In the spring of 1780, after the evacuation of Newport by the British, he