by Edmund Burke, whose reply elicited a new pamphlet from Knox in 1769. The same year he published "The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies Reviewed." In 1770 he was made under-secretary of state for American affairs. He published a pamphlet in defence of the Quebec act in 1774, and soon afterward drew up a project for the permanent union of the colonies and settlement with them. Lord North's conciliatory proposition of 1776 was probably based on this report. In 1780 he suggested the creation of a separate loyalist colony in the part of Maine that lies east of Penobscot river, with Thomas Oliver for governor and Daniel Leonard for chief justice. The king and ministers were in favor of this project, but it was abandoned because the attorney-general held that the district was a part of Massachusetts. Knox continued under-secretary for America until the post was abolished at the close of the war of independence. He was still consulted after that with regard to the remaining colonies, and in July, 1783, drafted an order in council excluding American shipping from the West Indies. At his suggestion the province of New Brunswick was created in 1784, and lands were granted to the expelled loyalists of New England and New York. After the death of Sir James Wright he was attorney for the loyalists of Georgia, to press their claims on the British government for compensation on account of losses of property through the war. He secured a pension for himself and for his wife as American sufferers. He also published a valuable collection of " Extra- Official State Papers" (1789).
KNYPHAUSEN, Baron Wilhelm von, soldier, b. in Lützberg, Germany, 4 Nov., 1716; d. in Cassel, 7 Dec., 1800. His father was colonel in a German regiment under the Duke of Marlborough. Knyphausen was educated in Berlin, entered the Prussian military service in 1734, and in 1775 became a general officer in the army of Frederick the Great. He came to this country as second in command of an army of 12,000 so-called “Hessians” under Gen. von Heister (q. v.). With 6,000 soldiers he set sail from Bremen for the port of New York, and on 18 Oct. landed at Staten island, after a passage of twenty weeks. In 1777 disagreements between Gen. Howe and Gen. von Heister caused the latter's recall, and gave Knyphausen the entire command of the German auxiliaries. He served in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Fort Washington, Brandywine, and Monmouth. For several years the main body of his soldiery occupied the upper part of Manhattan island, and during the temporary absence of Sir Henry Clinton, in 1780, he was in command of the city. Bodily infirmity and the loss of an eye caused his retirement in 1782, when he returned to Europe, having, as he said, achieved neither glory nor advancement. At the end of his life Knyphausen became military governor of Cassel. He was a taciturn and discreet officer, who understood the temper of his troops, and rarely entered on hazardous exploits. His was a hireling army of recruits gathered from work-houses, and by impressment, and drilled in the use of arms on shipboard. As he frequently declared, on such forces a judicious commander could place little reliance; they dwindled less by death than by desertion.
KOEHLER, Alexander Daniel (kuh-ler), German botanist, b. in Altenkirchen, Rügen island, 18 April, 1762; d. in Langenbranden, Würtemberg, 6 Dec., 1828. He inherited from his father an independent fortune, and occupied himself with botanical studies. A letter from Alexander von Humboldt, then in America, determined him to make that country the field of his studies for several years, and he went in 1801 to Santa Fé de Bogotá, and was for seven years a collaborator of José Mutis, the Spanish botanist. On his suggestion, Mutis established in 1801 an astronomical observatory in Santa Fé, and Koehler provided it with valuable instruments. After the death of Mutis in 1808, he resolved to finish part of the latter's work, and, going to Brazil, made a thorough study of the palm-trees of that country. The civil wars that desolated the northern part of South America at that time put a stop to his explorations, and, passing to Peru, he visited that country, studying also the political institutions of Chili before returning in 1816. He devoted the remainder of his life to the publication of the materials he had collected during his travels, and read several papers before the academies of sciences of Munich and Berlin, of which he was a corresponding member. He kept up also a correspondence with Humboldt, and furnished him with notes and information which the explorer utilized in the revised edition of his travels through America. Among his works are “Reise nach Brasilien” (Stuttgart, 1817); “Wanderungen in Peru und Chile” (2 vols., 1818); “Karte von dem panamischen Isthmus” (Munich. 1821); “Flora Brasiliensis” (4 vols., Berlin, 1821-3); “Flora Venezuliensis” (4 vols., 1822); “Studien über den öffentlichen Unterricht in Chile” (Stuttgart, 1823); “Reisen durch Nordwest-Venezuela” (Leipsic, 1824); “Genera et species palmarum” (Stuttgart, 1825); “Sertum Peruanum” (2 vols., Berlin, 1826); “Institutiones botanicæ” (Stuttgart, 1827); and “Conspectus polygalorum floræ Brasilieæ meridionalis” (2 vols., Berlin, 1827).
KOEHLER, John Daniel, Moravian bishop, b. near Stendal, Germany, 28 Aug., 1737; d. in Neudietendorf, Germany, 28 Jan., 1805. He was a graduate of the University of Halle. In 1783 he came to the United States and took charge of the church at Salem, N. C., and on 9 May, 1790, he was consecrated to the episcopate and became the presiding bishop of the southern district. After filling this office for eleven years he went to Europe in order to attend the general synod of the Moravian church, and on the adjournment of that body he did not return to the United States, but spent his remaining years in Germany.
KOEHLER, Robert, painter, b. in Hamburg, Germany, 28 Nov., 1850. He was brought to the United States in 1854, educated in Milwaukee, Wis., and apprenticed to a lithographer in 1866. He exercised that trade in Pittsburg, Pa., and in New York city, where he studied drawing in the night classes of the National academy of design. In 1873 he went to Europe to study with means furnished by George Ehret, of New York, whose attention had been drawn to the young artists's ambition and capabilities. He was a pupil in the Munich art academy, under Ludwig Loefitz and Franz Defregger. He began to exhibit in the National academy, New York, in 1877. In 1885 he took charge of a private school of art in that city. He organized the American department of the International art exhibition at Munich in 1883, and was appointed by the Bavarian authorities to act in the same capacity in the exhibition of 1888. His works, which have been few, manifest study and care, and in technique and treatment are good examples of the Munich school. The principal ones are “Holy-day Occupation” (1881); “Her Only Support” (1882); “The Socialist,” a German agitator delivering a harangue (1883); and “The
