the army as assistant surgeon, and in 1814 was appointed surgeon. In 1816 he resigned, and began the practice of his profession in Philadelphia. From 1824 to 1836 he was physician to the Walnut street prison; from 1826 to 1832, professor of chemistry in the Franklin Institute; from 1829 to 1836, physician to the Eastern penitentiary; from 1831 to 1841, professor of chemistry in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; and from 1841 to his decease was professor of chemistry in Jefferson Medical College. In 1854 and 1855 he was president of the American Philosophical Society, and at the time of his death president of the deaf and dumb asylum corporation. In 1819 he published a "System of Chemistry for the Use of Students of Medicine," and in connection with Dr. George Wood he prepared, in 1830, a "Pharmacopoeia" that was adopted by a national convention of physicians, and became the basis of the present U. S. Pharmacopoeia and U. S. Dispenstory. Of the latter work he was the editor, with Dr. Wood, from 1833 till his death. He published a "Supplement to Henry's Chemistry" (1823); "Letters on Separate Confinement of Prisoners" (1829-'30); and "Introductory Lectures on Chemistry" (1841-'52). He also edited several works, from 1823 to 1832 was one of the editors of the "North American Medical and Surgical Journal," and contributed largely to scientific journals. A memoir of him was published by Dr. George B. Wood (Philadelphia, 1865).—Hartman, another son of Benjamin Franklin Bache, engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1797; d. there, 8 Oct., 1872. He was graduated at West Point in 1818, and made brevet captain of staff, and assistant topographical engineer. For forty-seven years he was constantly employed on topographical surveys and works of hydrographic and civil engineering, under the direction of the war department, till 7 March, 1867, when he was placed on the retired list. He became brevet major of engineers, 24 July, 1828; major, 7 July, 1838; lieutenant-colonel, 6 Aug., 1861; colonel, 3 March, 1863; and on 13 March, 1865, he received the brevet of brigadier-general, the highest grade in the engineer corps, for long, faithful, and meritorious services. Among his engineering works of conspicuous merit were the construction of the Delaware breakwater and the successful application of iron-screw piles for the foundation of light-houses upon sandy shoals and coral-reefs. He was engineer of the 4th light-house district from 1859, and a member of the light-house board from 1862 to 1870.—Benjamin Franklin, great- grandson of Benjamin Franklin, surgeon, b. in Monticello. Va., 7 Feb., 1801 ; d. in New York city, 2 Nov., 1881. He was graduated at Princeton in 1819, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1823, entered the navy as assistant surgeon in 1824, and became surgeon in 1828. From 1832 to 1836 he was stationed at Pensacola navy-yard, and, while on leave from 1838 to 1841, he was professor of natural science and natural religion in Kenyon College, Ohio. He was fleet-surgeon of the Mediterranean squadron in 1841-'4, and of the Brazil squadron in 1847-50. From 1850 to 1854 he was at the New York naval hospital, and then organized at New York the laboratory that furnishes all medical supplies to the navy. He was director of this from 1853 to 1871, and in 1861 did great service to the government by restocking the laboratory on his own responsibility. In 1863 he was placed on the retired list, but continued to act as superintendent of the laboratory until 1871, when he was appointed medical director, with the relative rank of commodore, and retired from active service.—Henry W., engineer, b. in 1839; d. in Bristol, R. I., 7 Nov., 1878. He was a descendant of Sarah Bache, and a son of Prof. Henry Bache, of the U. S. coast survey. He was engaged in the same work, and while on duty in Florida contracted a malarial fever which resulted in his death.
BACHI, Pietro, educator, b. in Sicily in 1787; d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Aug., 1853. He was a graduate of the university of Padua and a lawyer by profession, was implicated in Murat's attempt to seize
the throne of the two Sicilies, and was obliged in
consequence to flee from Italy in 1815. He resided
in England till 1825, and then came to the United
States. From 1826 to 1846 he was teacher of Italian,
and Spanish in Harvard college. He was the author of several grammars and phrase-books and a book of fables for learning Italian, and of "A Comparative View of Spanish and Portuguese Language" (Cambridge).
BACHILLER Y MORALES, Antonio (\mh-cheel'-yer-e-mo-ral'-les), Cutian author, b. in Havana in 1812. He was admitted to the bar in 1839. He edited various newspapers and reviews, filled successively several chair's in the university of Havana,
has been director of the institute of higher education, and held important public offices. He is a corresponding member of the Society of Antiquaries of northern Europe, and also of the historical societies of New York and Pennsylvania. His principal works are "Prontuario General de Agricultura," "Filosofia del Derecho," "Tradiciones Americanas" (1845); "Antigiiedades Americanas," "Apuntes para la Historia de las Letras en la Isla de Cuba" (3 vols., 1862); "Cuba Primitiva," on the origin, languages, traditions, and history of the Greater
Antilles and the Bahama islands; and "Cuba: Monografia Historica."
BACHMAN, John, naturalist, b. in Dutchess co., N. Y., 4 Feb., 1790; d. in Charleston, S. C, 25 Feb., 1874. He was associated with Audubon in
the preparation of his work on ornithology, and
was the principal author of the " Quadrupeds of
North America," which the Audubons illustrated.
He also wrote "Two Letters on Plybridity" (1850);" Defence of Luther and the Reformation" (Charleston, 1853); "Characteristics of Genera and Species, as Applicable to the Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race " (1854); "Notice of the Types of Mankind by Nott and Gliddon" (1854); and "Examination of Prof. Agassiz's Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World," etc. (1855), and was a contributor to the "Medical Journal" of South Carolina. In 1813 he was licensed to preach, and from 1815 until his death was pastor of the Lutheran church in Charleston.
BACK, Sir George, explorer, b. in Stockport, England, 6 Nov., 1796; d. in London, 23 June, 1878. He entered the British navy in 1808, and in 1817 accompanied the Buchan expedition to Spitzbergen. In 1819 he accompanied Sir John Franklin's expedition to the Arctic regions, and again in 1825. In 1833 he commanded a search party sent out for Sir John Ross, then in the polar seas, and in 1836 he made his final voyage to the north in command of the "Terror." He showed great sagacity in his management, and the ultimate return of the first two expeditions was credited to the ability with which he directed the forces under his charge. He received a gold medal from the geographical society in 1837, and two years later was knighted. He was made rear admiral in 1857, and admiral in 1867. He is the author of a "Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition," etc. (London.
