and which they called St. Mary's. Calvert found his authority opposed at the outset by William Claiborne, who had occupied Kent island in Chesa- peake bay, and who now began hostilities against the settlers. On 23 April, 1635, Claiborne's force, which consisted only of one armed pinnace and fourteen men, was captured ; he fled to Virginia, and his property was afterward declared forfeited. Gov. Calvert wished to carry out his brother's de- sign and introduce the feudal system into the province. Fortunately the charter contained a provision making the consent of the freemen neces- sary to all laws, and the original idea of creating an aristocracy was never carried out. Gov. Calvert visited England in 1643 to consult with his brother. The condition of the province was somewhat un- settled, and, in view of the troubles between the king and parliament, there was probably some fear that the royalist proprietor might have his power taken from him. In the governor's absence, Brent, his deputy, incautiously seized a parliamentary ship and imprisoned its commander, Richard Ingle ; but in 1644 Ingle escaped, obtained letters of marque from parliament, returned, and, joining Calvert's old enemy, Claiborne, made trouble in the colony, so that when the governor returned in September, 1644, he found all in confusion. After some fight- ing, Calvert was forced to take refuge in Virginia, where, after an appeal for aid had been refused by the governor and council, he finally succeeded in raising a force, and, in 1647, regained possession of his province. A few months later he died, naming Thomas Green as his successor.
CALVIN, Samuel, geologist, b. in Wigton-
shire, Scotland, 2 Feb., 1840. He came to the
United States in 1851, and studied at Lenox col-
lege, Hopkinton, Iowa. He served as a private
during the latter part of the civil war, and subse-
quently became professor of geology and structural
zoology at the state university of Iowa. Prof. Cal-
vin has travelled extensively throughout the United
States for the purpose of studying the above-named
sciences, and has published papers descriptive of
his investigations.
CALVO, Carlos, Argentine diplomatist, b. in the
Argentine Republic in 1824, He was sent to Paris
as Paraguayan charge d'affaires in June, 1860, and
also represented Paraguay at the court of Great
Britain. He is a corresponding member of the
Historical institute of Paris, and also of the French
academy of moral and political sciences, for which
he was elected in February, 1869. Among his
works, all in French, are "Recueil complet des
traites, conventions, et autres actes diplomatiques
de tons les etats de I'Amerique latine," with statis-
tical atlas, diplomatic dictionary, historical notes,
etc. (10 vols., 1862-'5 ; also published in Spanish) ;
" Une page du droit international " (1864) ; and
"Annales historiques de la revolution de I'Ame-
rique latine " (15 vols., 1864-'6).
CALVO DE LA PUERTA, Sebastian de (kahr-vo), marquis of Casa-Calvo, b. in Havana in the latter part of the 18th century ; d. in Paris in 1820. He entered the army, was governor of Louisiana, and received from Charles IV., of Spain, in 1800, authority to restoi-e that province to the French republic. In 1806 he went to Spain, and followed afterward the party of Joseph Bonaparte, whom the first Napoleon placed on the Spanish throne. After the expulsion of the French invaders from
the Spanish peninsula, ^Calvo went to Paris.
CAMACHO ROLDAN, Salvador (cam-ah'-cho),
Colombian statesman, b. in Munchia, Colombia, in
1827. He IS distinguished as a lawyer, has taken
part in political discussions, and has been repeat-
edly elected to congress. He has been secretary
of state several times, and in 1870 was president
of the republic. Camacho is considered one of the
most learned men of South America.
CAMARGO, Sergio, Colombian statesman, b.
in Tiravitoba in 1833. For some years he studied
law, but entered the army and soon distinguished
himself, obtaining rapid promotions until he at-
tained the rank of general-in-chief. Then he filled
the office of secretary of war and that of president
of the republic in 1877, and afterward represented
his country as minister plenipotentiary in the
United States. Great Britain, France, Germany,
and Italy. In 1883 he held a similar office in
Venezuela and Ecuador. He has been several
times president of the state of Boyaea, a member
of the legislatures of other states, and representa-
tive and senator at the Colombian congress.
CAMBRELENG, Churchill Caldom, b. in
Washington, N. C., 18 Dec, 1786 ; d. in West Neck,
L. I., 30 April, 1862. He received an academical
education at Newbern, N. C, removed in 1802 to
New York city, and in 1806 was a counting-house
clerk in Providence, R. I. He then returned to
New York, where he subsequently resided. He en-
gaged at an early day in mercantile pursuits with
John Jacob Astor, travelling extensively over the
world. He was member of congress from New
York from 1821 till 1839, and chairnum of the com-
mittees on commerce, ways and means, and foreign
affairs. He was renominated by the democrats in
1838, but was defeated. After leaving congress, he
went abroad, and, while travelling there, was ap-
pointed minister to Russia, serving from 20 May,
1840, till 13 July, 1841. After his return to this
country he was a member of the state constitution-
al convention of 1846. Of his numerous reports
and political pamphlets, that on commerce and
navigation (New York, 1830) passed through sev-
eral editions, and was republished in London.
William Cullen Bryant, in a letter written 29
Jan., 1832, describes a call at the White House
made with Mr. Cambreleng during Jackson's ad-
ministration.
CAMERON, Sir Alan, British soldier, b. in In-
verness-shire, Scotland, in 1753; d. in Fulhani,
England, 9 March, 1828. He was captured in 1782,
when on a mission to organize a force out of the
Indian tribes of the west, and was imprisoned for
nearly two years in the common jail at Philadelphia.
In attempting to escape from this confinement. Sir
Alan had both his ankles shattered and broken ;
and he never perfectly recovered from the effects
of those injuries. He was subsequently placed upon
half-pay as a provincial officer, but in 1793 raised
the 79th, or Cameron Highlanders, at his own ex-
pense. With this regiment as major, and then
colonel commanding, he served in the Netherlands
and in the West Indies, and subsequently in the
peninsula, where he distinguished himself, particu-
larly at Talavera and Busaco. He was appoint-
ed major-general, 25 July, 1810 ; after the peace,
K. C. B. : and on 12 Aug.,' 1819, lieutenant-general,
CAMERON, Angus, b. in Caledonia, Livingston CO., N. Y., 4 July, 1826 ; d. in Milwaukee. Wis., 30 March, 1897. He studied law in Buffalo, N. Y., and was graduated at the national law school in Ballston Spa. He removed to La Crosse, Wis., in
1857, was a member of the state senate in 1863, 1864, 1871, and 1872, and of the assembly in 1866 and 1867, being speaker in the last-named year. He was a delegate to the republican national convention at Baltimore in 1864, and a regent of the university of Wisconsin from 1866 till 1875. In the latter year he was chosen U. S. senator by the votes of
