tutor. After studying theology under Dr. John McMillan, he was licensed by the presbytery of New Brunswick at Baskingridge in April, 1804, and preached in the vicinity of Hackettstown, Oxford, and Knowlton, N. J. In January, 1805, he was or- dained pastor of the united churches of Whitesboro and Utica, N. Y., and remained there until 1814, when he removed to Georgetown, D. C, where he taught school for nine years. He was then elected president of Princeton college, and, after being inaugurated in August, 1823, remained in that capacity until June, 1854. From 1854 until his death he was one of the trustees of the college, and in 1843 elected president of the board of trustees of the Princeton theological seminary.
CARNEGIE, Andrew, manufacturer, b. in
Dunfermline, Scotland, 25 Nov., 1835. His father
was a weaver, in humble circumstances, whose
ambition to raise himself and family, joined to his
ardent republicanism, led to his coming to the
United States in 1845. The family settled in
Pittsburgh, and two years later Andrew began his
career by attending a small stationary engine. This
work was unsatisfactory, and he became a telegraph
messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio company,
and subsequently an operator. He was one of the
first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Later
he was sent to the Pittsburgh office of the Pennsylvania
railroad, as clerk to the superintendent and
manager of the telegraph-lines. While in this
position he met Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping-car.
Mr. Carnegie immediately recognized the
great merit of the invention, and readily joined in
the effort to have it adopted. The success of this
venture gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He
was promoted to be superintendent of the Pittsburgh
division of the Pennsylvania railroad; and
about this time he was one of a syndicate who
purchased the Storey farm, on Oil creek, which cost
$40,000, and yielded in one year over $1,000,000 in
cash dividend's. Mr. Carnegie was subsequently
associated with others in establishing a rolling-mill,
and from this has grown the most extensive and
complete system of iron and steel industries ever
controlled by an individual, embracing the Edgar
Thomson steel works, the Pittsburgh Bessemer
steel works, the Lucy furnaces, the Union iron
mills, the Union mill (Wilson, Walker & Co.), the
Keystone bridge works, the Hartman steel works,
the Frick coke company, and the Scotia ore mines.
The capacity of these works approximates 2,000
tons of pig-metal a day, and he is the largest
manufacturer of pig-iron, steel-rails, and coke in the
world. Besides directing these great iron industries,
he long owned eighteen English newspapers, which
he controlled in the interests of radicalism. He
has devoted large sums of money to benevolent and
educational purposes. In 1879 he erected commodious
swimming-baths for the use of the people of
Dunfermline, Scotland, and in the following year
gave $40,000 for the establishment there of a free
library, which has since received other large donations.
In 1884 he gave $50,000 to Bellevue hospital
medical college to found a histological laboratory,
now called the Carnegie laboratory; in 1885,
$500,000 to Pittsburgh for a public library, and in
1886, $250,000 to Allegheny City for a music hall
and library, and $250,000 to Edinburgh, Scotland,
for a free library. He has also established free
libraries at Braddock, Pa., and at other places, for
the benefit of his employés. Mr. Carnegie is a
frequent contributor to periodicals on the labor
question and similar topics, and has published in
book-form “An American Four-in-Hand in
Britain” (New York, 1883); “Round the World” (1884);
and “ Triumphant Democracy: or, Fifty Years'
March of the Republic” (1886), the last being a
review of American progress under popular
institutions. — His brother, Thomas M., b. in Dunfermline,
Scotland, 2 Oct., 1843; d. in Homewood, Pa.,
19 Oct., 1886, was associated with Andrew in his
business enterprises.
CARNOCHAN, John Murray, surgeon, b. in Savannah, Ga., 4 July, 1817; d. in New York city, 28 Oct., 1887. He was taken to Scotland in early boyhood, and was graduated at the University of Edinburgh. Returning to New York, he entered the office of Dr. Valentine Mott as a student, where it became apparent that he was destined for eminence in his profession. A second visit to Europe was undertaken, and he attended the lectures of
the leading surgeons at the great hospitals in London, Paris, and Edinburgh. In 1847 he began practice in New York city, and in a short time his rare delicacy of touch, steadiness of nerve, and his boldness as an operator, gave him a high reputation. In 1852 a case of exaggerated nutrition (elephantiasis arabrum) was presented to him, and, all milder remedies having failed. Dr. Carnochan severed and tied the femoral artery, effecting a
cure by an entirely original operation. The same year he successfully removed a lower jaw entire with both condyles. In 1854 he exsected the whole ulna, and again the whole radius of a patient's forearm, the use of the limb being' saved in both
cases. In 1856 he performed an original operation that gave him a world-wide reputation. A case of chronic neuralgia was brought to him, and, after careful study of its features, he cut down and removed the entire trunk of the second branch of
the fifth pair of cranial nerves. This nerve was cut from the infraorbital foramen to the foramen rotundum at the very base of the skull, and involved an operation through the malar bone. He
several times performed amputation at the hip-joint, once during the battle of Spottsylvania in 1864. For many years he served as professor of surgery at the New York medical college, as surgeon-in-chief to the State immigrant hospital, and in numerous other professional places involving great responsibility. He published numerous technical monographs, a " Treatise on Congenital Dislocations " (New York, 1850), and " Contributions to Operative Surgery," nine parts published (New
York, 1877-'86).
CARO, Miguel Antonio, Colombian author, b.
in Bogota, Colombia, 10 Nov., 1843. While very
young he became noted for his knowledge of the
Latin classics. He contributed to periodicals, and
edited several works. He is the author of " Poesi-
as " (1866) ; " Estudios sobre el utilitarismo " (1869) ;
" Gramatica latina," in collaboration with R. J.
Cuervo ; " Tratado del participio " ; " Horas de
amor," and other books. But his reputation is
chiefly due to his translation into Spanish verse of
Virgil's complete works (3 vols., 1873-'5). He is a
corresponding member of the Royal Spanish acad-
emy, and one of the founders of the Colombian
academy ; he has been a representative and senator
in the Colombian congress, and is now (1886) na-
tional librarian. — His father, Jose Eusebio Card,
is a man of some note in Colombian literature.
CARON, René Edward, Canadian statesman, b. in the parish of Ste. Anne Cote de Baupre, Lower Canada, in 1800; d. 13 Dec, 1876. He received his education at the seminary of Quebec, and
at the College of St. Pierre, Riviere du Sud, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. The following year he was elected mayor of Quebec, retaining that office until 1837. In 1841 he became
