years, he studied at the Auburn theological semi- nary in 1837, and at the Yale theological seminary in 1838. lie tiien had charge of various churches until 1842, when he again became a teacher. In 1855 he removed to Kansas, and was made pro- fessor of natural sciences at Baker university, Baldwin City, from 1863 till 1866, after which he again entered the ministry. He was appointed state bota- nist of Kansas in 1873. and in that capacity con- tributed "Reports on Progress of Botanical Dis- covery in Kansas " to the Kansas academy of sci- ences in 1879 and 1880. Prof. Carruth lectured on "Spiritualism." and on "A Plea for Man in Oppo- sition to the Woman's Rights Movement," and was a frequent contributor to current literature.
CARRUTHERS, William A., novelist, b. in
Virginia about 1800; d. in Savannah, Ga., 31 Aug.,
1846. He was a student at Washington college,
Va., in 1818, and was educated as a physician. He
wrote spirited romances, founded on Amei'ican his-
tory, and, removing to Savannah, practised medi-
cine there, and contributed to the " Magnolia " and
other southern magazines. In 1838 he gave an ac-
count, in the " Knickerbocker Magazine," of a haz-
ardous ascent of the natural bridge in Virginia.
His published works are " The Cavaliers of Vir-
ginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown, an Historical
Romance of the Old Dominion," depicting the
scenes of Bacon's rebellion and the confliet be-
tween royalists and Cromwellians in Virginia (New
York, 1832) ; " The Kentuckian in New York, or
the Adventures of Three Southerners," a volume
of descriptive sketches with romantic incidents ;
" The Knights of the Horse-Shoe, a Traditionary
Tale of the Cocked Hat Gentry in the Old Domin-
ion," the scene of which is laid in Virginia in the
time of Gov. Spotswood (Wetumpka, Ala., 1845) ;
and a " Life of Dr. Caldwell."
CARSON, Christopher, better known as “Kit
Carson,” soldier, b. in Madison co., Ky., 24 Dec.,
1809; d. at Fort Lynn, Col., 23 May, 1868. While
he was an infant his parents emigrated to what is
now Howard co., Mo., but was then a wilderness.
At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a
saddler, with whom he continued two years, and then
he joined a hunting expedition, thus beginning the
adventurous life that made him one of the most
picturesque figures of western history. For eight
years he was on the plains, leading the life of a
trapper, until he was appointed hunter for the
garrison at Bent's Fort, where he remained eight
years more. After a short visit to his family he
met, for the first time, General (then Lieutenant)
John C. Frémont, by whom his experience in the
backwoods was at once appreciated, and by whom,
also, he was engaged as guide in his subsequent
explorations. In this capacity he was eminently
useful, and to him is probably due much of the
success of those explorations. He was perhaps
better known to a larger number of Indian tribes
than any other white man, and from his long life
among them learned their habits and customs,
understood their mode of warfare, and spoke their
language as his mother tongue. No one man did
more than he in furthering the settlement of the
northwestern wilderness. In 1847 Carson was sent
to Washington as bearer of despatches, and was
then appointed second lieutenant in the mounted
rifles, U. S. army. This appointment, however,
was negatived by the senate. In 1853 he drove
6,500 sheep over the mountains to California, a
hazardous undertaking at that time, and, on his
return to Laos, was appointed Indian agent in
New Mexico. Under this appointment he was
largely instrumental in bringing about the treaties
between the United States and the Indians. He
was an instinctive judge of character, and, knowing
the Indians so thoroughly, his cool judgment
and wisdom in dealing with them, even under
the most trying circumstances, enabled him to
render important services to the U. S. government.
During the civil war he repeatedly
rendered great service to the government in New
Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian territory, and
was brevetted brigadier-general for his meritorious
conduct. At its close, he resumed his duties as
Indian agent. In this relation to the Indians he
visited Washington, in the winter and early spring
of 1868, in company with a deputation of the red
men, and made a tour of several of the northern
and eastern states. Unlike most of the trappers
and guides, Gen. Carson was a man of remarkable
modesty, and in conversation never boasted of his
own achievements. See “Life of Kit Carson, the
Great Western Hunter,” by Charles Burdett
(Philadelphia, 1869).
CARTER, Charles Ignatius Hardman, clergyman, b. in Lebanon, Ky., in 1803 ; d. in Philadelphia in 1879. He studied at Mount St. Mary's, Emmettsburg, and at St. Mary's, Baltimore. He was stationed at St. Mary's, Philadelphia, where he
built the church of the Assumption in 1849, and
also erected a convent and free schools. He after-
ward founded a convent and academy of the Sis-
ters of the Holy Child Jesus at Sharon Hill.
CARTER, Dennis Malone, artist, b. in Cork,
Ireland, 24 Oct., 1817 ; d. in New York city, 7 July,
1881. He accompanied his parents to the United
States in 1839, and, having received a little instruc-
tion in art, began his career as a portrait-painter
and travelled over a large part of the country in the
pursuit of his profession. He afterward settled in
New York and produced historical pictures. He
was one of the original members of the artists' fund
society, established in 1859. About 1850 he painted
a series of pictures illustrating Goldsmith's " De-
serted Village." Among his most successful works
are " Decatur's Attack on Tripoli," " Moll Pitcher at
the Battle of Monmouth," '• Legend of St. Michael,"
" Death of the Virgin." and portraits of Henry
Clay, Andrew Jackson, and James K. Polk.
CARTER, Franklin, educator, b. in Water-
bury, Conn., 30 Sept., 1837. He studied at Phil-
lips Andover academy and at Yale and Williams,
was gi-aduated in 1862 at the latter, and afterward
studied at the university of Berlin. From 1865
till 1868 he was professor of Latin and of P'rench
at Williams, then of Latin alone till 1872, and then
of German at Yale till 1881, when he became presi-
dent of Williams. He received the degree of LL. D.
from Union in 1881. He has published a transla-
tion of Goethe's " Iphigenie auf Tauris" (1879).
CARTER, James Coolidge, lawyer, b. in
Lancaster, Mass., 14 Oct., 1827. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1850, and at the law-school in 1853.
Mr. Carter was a member of the commission
appointed by Gov. Tilden, of New York, in 1875 to
devise a form of municipal government for the
cities of the state. He ranks among the leading
lawyers of New York. He has published a
monograph entitled “The Codification of our Common
Law,” in which he opposes the scheme of codification
(New York, 1883).
CARTER, James Gordon, educational reformer, b. in Leominster, Mass., 7 Sept., 1795 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 22 July, 1849. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820, and taught school at Leominster until 1830. In 1823 he contributed to the "Boston
Patriot " a series of papers, subsequently published under the title of "Essays on Popular Education."
