in General Zoology " (New York, 1851), and " De- scriptions of all North American Birds not given by Former American Authorities" (Philadelphia, 1858), containing descriptions of fifty species not given by Audubon. Much of his work is contained in the U. S. government reports, and in that con- nection he wrote " Ornithology of the U. S. Explor- ing Expedition " (Washington, 1845) ; " Ornithology of Cxillies's Astronomical Expedition to Chili" (1855) ; " Ornithology of the Japan Expedition " (1856) ; and the chapters on rapacious and wad- ing birds in the " Explorations and Survey for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean " (1858). His works are valuable for the de- scription and classification of many birds not given in the previous works of Audubon and Wilson.
CASTILLA, Ramón (cas-teel'-ya), Peruvian
soldier, b. in Tarapaca, 30 Aug., 1797; d. in Tivi-
liche, 25 May, 1867. He entered the Spanish army
in 1816, and was made lieutenant in 1820. Soon
afterward he joined the army of independence, participating in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho,
and was made lieutenant-colonel. In 1830 he went
to Lima, and was appointed chief of staft' of the
army. He was made brigadier-general in 1834 by
Orbegozo, the provisional president, whom he supported, taking part in the battles of Yanacocha, 13
Aug., 1835, and Socabaya, 7 Feb., 1836, until the
latter surrendered his independence by the treaty
with Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia. Pie then
fled to Chili, and in 1837 joined the army of the
Peruvian patriots who marched against Santa
Cruz. Castilla was second leader of the vanguaixl
at the attack on Lima and the defeat of Orbegozo,
and made common cause with Gamarra, who was
proclaimed president by the patriots, while Castilla
was appointed minister of war. In 1841 he was
second in command of the Peruvian army that in-
vaded Bolivia, and was annihilated at Ingavi, 18
Nov., 1841, where Gamarra perished. On his re-
turn he conspired against the governments of Tor-
rico and Vidal, in 1844 overthrew the dictator
Vivanco, and in 1845 was elected president of Peru,
serving till 1851. Then, for the first time, Peru
experienced tranqiullity for six years, anarchy
being crushed, and parliamentary liberty, individ-
ual rights, and the public credit restored. The
administration of his successor, Echenique, having
become unpopular, Castilla began a revolution at
Arequipa. overcame Echenique, and entered Lima
in 1854 as supreme ruler of the country. In this
capacity he made many reforms, the most impor-
tant of which were the abolition of slavery, of the
tribute of the Indians, special military legislation,
ecclesiastical tithes, and the penalty of death. But
his rule was arbitrary, and by corrupt means he
packed the congress, which re-elected him president
in 1858, and in 1860 proclaimed a new constitution,
which established universal suffrage and prohibit-
ed every religion except the Catholic. In 1861 he
made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Bolivia to
Peru, At last, weary of government cares, he re-
tired, and in 1862 was succeeded as president by
Gen. San Roman, who was followed in 1863 by
Pezet. Castilla, having assumed a hostile atti-
tude toward the latter, was arrested in 1865, but
soon gained his liberty, and joined the movement
under Prado. In 1867 he headed an insurrection
against Prado in Tarapaca, and was on his way to
Arica when he died.
CASTILLO, Bernardo Diaz del, soldier, b. in
Medina-del-Campo, Spain, toward the end of the
15th century ; d. in Mexico. He was one of the
adventurers that accompanied Cortes to Mexico in
1519, where he distinguished himself by his bra-
very. He remained in the country after the con-
quest, having been allotted extensive lands. He
says in his work that he had taken part in one
hundred and nineteen battles, and had been so
habituated to sleep in his armor that even in time
of peace he could not lay it aside at night. On
reading the " Chronicle of Goraara " (1552), he de-
termined to become an author, being indignant
that that writer had not mentioned either himself
or his companions, but had attributed all the glory
to Cortes. His book was not published initiHong
after his death, when a monk of the order of
Mercy discovered it hidden away in a library. Its
title is " Historia verdadera de la Conqui'sta de
Nueva Espafia" (Madrid, 1632). Although Cas-
tillo's style is that of an unlettered soldier, his
work is full of interesting details. He estimates
the Indian population as much less than in the
history of Gomara, and does not diminish the
losses of the Spaniards. He has been accused of
jealousy of Cortes, which would render him par-
tial ; but he only blames that leader when his acts
were really culpable, and in some cases he even
tries to defend them.
CASTILLO, Juan de, monk, b. in Chili about
1615; d. in Santiago, Chili, in 1675. He entered
the Dominican order at the age of thirteen, and
immediately after his ordination was sent to gov-
ern the convent of Santa Fe on the banks of the
Parana. On his return from Santa Fe, he was
unanimously elected prior of the great convent of
Santiago. He rebuilt the convent and church,
which had been shattered by an earthquake. In
1654 he was elected provincial. After a visitation
of all the convents of his order in Chili, he retired
to the convent of Santiago, where the rest of his
life was passed in asceticism and mortification.
CASTILLO Y ARTEAGA, Diego del, Spanish-American archbishop, b. in Navarre in 1605; d. in Oviedo, about 1670. He came to America after his ordination, was first stationed at Carthagena, and afterward appointed bishop of Trujillo, where
he remained until he was created archbishop of Santa Fe. He was an accomplished Indian scholar, published an "Alphabetum Marianum " in 1669, and was also the author of a work entitled " De Ornatu et Vestibus Aronis."
CASTILLO Y LANZAS, Joaquin M. (cas-teel'-yo e lahn'-thas), Mexican diplomatist, b. in Jalapa, 11 Nov., 1801 ; d. 11 July, 1878. He received his education in English colleges, the University of Glasgow, and the Seminary of Vergara, Spain, returning to Mexico in 1822. He had already filled several public offices when President Gomez Pedraza appointed him his private secretary in 1833, and at once sent him to the United
States as the representative of Mexico. After remaining in Washington as chargé d'affaires until 1837, he was elected to congress in 1845, and in the following year was appointed secretary of state under Paredes's administration, being also Mexi- can minister to England from 1853 till 1858. lie
represented the state of Mexico in the Federal congress in 1857; then joined Gen. Tornel as plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of neutrality with the U. S. minister, Alfred Conkling, on the Tehuantepec canal, and several years afterward (1866)
negotiated a treaty of commerce and navigation with the government of Great Britain. Castillo y Lanzas filled many other important offices in Mexico, belonged to the Spanish academy and several Mexican and British learned societies, was the
editor of tlie first newspaper that was published in Vera Cruz after the independence of 1825. and left a volume of poems, " Ocios Juveniles" (Phila-
