wholly performed by him. He was U. S. senator from 1797 till 1803 ;"from 1806 till 1811 was a rep- resentative to the state legislature ; in 18l;:5 he was one of the council of censors ; in 181o-'5 was once more chief justice of the supreme coart ; and was professor of law at Middlebury from 1816 until his death. He published " Sketches of the Principles of Government" (1793) and a small volume of " Reports and Dissertations." In 1826 he revised the laws of Vermont. His life was written by his brother Daniel (Boston, 1846).
CHIPMAN, Henry, jurist, b. in Vermont in
1785; d. in Detroit, Mich., 27 April, 1867. He
was liberally educated, studied law, and when
quite young removed to South Carolina, where he
practised his profession until 1824, when he was
appointed a U. S. judge for the territory of Michi-
gan by President Monroe. From this date until
his death he resided in Detroit.
CHIPMAN, Ward, loyalist, b. in Massachu-
setts in 1754 ; d. in Fredericitton, New Brunswick,
in 1824. He was the son of a member of the Mas-
sachusetts bar, and during the revolutionary war
was deputy muster-master general at New York.
At the close of the war he removed to New Bruns-
wick, and for his loyalty to the British government
was rewarded with offices of trust and profit and a
pension of £96 per annum. In 1796 he was ap-
pointed agent before the commission to determine
the St. Croix treaty of 1783. In 1816, under the
treaty of Ghent, he was agent for the crown to lo-
cate the northwest angle of Nova Scotia. He sub-
sequently became administrator of the government
of New Brunswick, and was acting in this capacity
when he died. — His son. Ward, chief justice of
New Brunswick, b. in St. John, N. B., 10 July,
1787; d. in that city, 26 Dec, 1851, was educated
at St. John, and at Harvard, where he was gradu-
ated in 1805, receiving therefrom the degree of
LL. D. in 1836. On his father's death, in 1824, he
succeeded to his seat on the bench and in the
council, and also to the more lucrative place of
agent for the crown in determining the nortliwest
angle of Nova Scotia. In 1825 he was appointed
by the British government umpire to a[)portion
the customs duties between Upper and Lower
Canada, and again in 1833 was assigned a similar
service. In 1829 he visited the Hague in connec-
tion with his work of determining the northwest
angle of Nova Scotia, and ceased thereafter to act
in this capacity, the boundary difficulty having
been amicably settled. He held successively the
offices of advocate-general and clerk of the cir-
cuits ; recorder of St. John and solicitor-general ;
became puisne judge of the supreme court on 18
March, 1825, and was appointed chief justice on 29
Sept., 1834. He was also president of the legisla-
tive council and speaker of the assembly, and was
noted for his liberal donations to advance the in-
terests of religion and education.
CHISHOLM, William, inventor, b. in Loch-
gelly, Fifeshire, Scotland, 12 Aug., 1825. He was
apprenticed to a dry-goods merchant in Kircaldy
at the age of twelve, but abandoned that occupa-
tion three years later, and was for seven years a
sailor. In 1847 he settled in Montreal, Canada,
and became a builder and contractor. In 1852 he
removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where his brother
Henry had settled. He removed to Pittsburg
and remained there until 1857, when he returned
to join his brother in the Cleveland rolling-mills.
He withdrew from the active management of that
corporation two or three years later, engaged in
the manufacture of spikes, bolts, and horseshoes,
and, after demonstrating by experiments the prac-
ticability of the manufacture of screws from Bes-
semer steel, organized the Union steel company of
Cleveland, which began operations in 1871. He
afterward devised new methods and machinery
for manufacturing steel shovels, spades, and scoops,
and established a factory for the new industry in
1879. In 1882 he began to make steam-engines of
a new model, adapted for hoisting and pumping,
and transmitters for carrying coal and ore between
vessels and railroad cars.
CHISOLM, William Wallace, b. in Morgan
county, Ga., 6 Dec, 1830 ; d. in De Kalb, Miss., 13
May, 1877. In 1847 the family removed to Kemper
CO., Miss. In 1851 the father died, leaving William as
the head of the family. In 1856 he married Emily,
daughter of John W. Mann, of Florida, through
whose aid he made good the deficiencies of his
early education. In 1858 Mr. Chisolm was elected
justice of the peace, and in 1860 probate judge, an
office which he filled by successive re-elections till
1867. Until the secession of the slave states be-
came an accomplished fact. Judge Chisolm was a
pronounced Union man, and only wavered for a
short time during the height of the contagious ex-
citement that prevailed in 1861. During the civil
war, although known as a " whig and a unionist,"
he was continued in office from term to term, a
sure evidence of popular trust. But he was looked
upon with suspicion by the Confederate authorities,
to whom his unionist sentiments were well known.
The local history of the period immediately fol-
lowing the cessation of hostilites embraces a series
of violent crimes. The newly enfranchised negroes
naturally fraternized with the few white unionists,
to form the nucleus of a republican, or, as it was
then known, a " radical " party ; and by their votes
Chisolm was elected sheriff. His duties often
brought him into direct conflict with his political
opponents, and his life was constantly in danger.
In November, 1873, he was re-elected sheriff for
two years, and the county, under his leadership,
became the stronghold of the republican party in
Mississippi. After the expiration of his term as
sheriff lie was nominated for congress, but was de-
feated in 1876. In the spring of 1877, John W.
Gully, a leading democrat, was shot and killed not
far from Judge Chisolm's house, and warrants
were issued for Chisolm's arrest, with several of his
republican associates, as accessory to the crime.
At this time the Ku-klux organization .was at the
height of its power, and all night preceding the
expected arrest armed horsemen rode into the town
of De Kalb. On the morning of Sunday, 30 April,
1877, the sheriff served the warrants, and Judge
Chisolm's family, consisting of his wife, three sons,
and a daughter, insisted upon accompanying him
to jail. In the mean time Gilmer, one of the other
arrested republicans, had been killed l)y the mob
while on the way to the same jail in charge of a
sheriff's deputy. A short time afterward a staunch
friend of Chisolm's, Angus McLellan, who had reso-
lutely guarded the Chisolm party on their way to
jail, was in turn shot down as he left the prison, at
the sheriff's request, to go to his own house. By this
time the guards had withdrawn, leaving the jail
undefended, and the mob, excited by the death of
the sturdy Scotsman, began to batter in the doors
to gain access to the chief victim. Chisolm armed
himself with one of the guns left by his faithless
guards. As the door gave way, his little son John,
a boy of thirteen, threw himself into his father's
arms, where he was killed by a shot from the leader
of the assailants. Dropping his son's body, Chisolm
instantly shot and killed the assassin, and the mob
fell back panic-stricken for the time, and fired only
