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of which he was the first apostle. In 1540 he was made vicar provincial of the Dominicans of Peru, and began the construction of the convent of San Rosario in Lima, and was afterward appointed provincial for eight years. In 1541. after I In a-- sassination of Pizarro and the proclamation of the son of Almagro as captain-general of Peru, Vaca de Castro, governor of Peru, who was then at Panama, made San Martin his representative. He assembled the leading inhabitants of Lima, and proposed the election of a lieutenant-general to rule the country until the governor should arrive. His advice was followed, and the choice fell on Fran- cisco de Barrionuevo. In the battle of Chupas in 1542, between the partisans of Almagro and the viceroy, he was present at the solicitation of the latter,' but attended impartially to the wounded on both sides. In 1543 he received a letter from Charles V. charging him to see to the execution of the ordinances promulgated at the instance of Las Casas for the protection of the natives. In the civil war that resulted from the effort to give effect to these ordinances, he made several attempts to bring about a reconciliation between the viceroy, Nunez Vela, and Gonzalo Pizarro, and on the tri- umph of the latter was sent by him, in conjunction with the archbishop of Lima, to Spain, to solicit an amnesty. He set out in 1546, but, meeting Pedro de la Gasca at Panama, who had arrived from Spain with full power to restore order in Peru, he returned to Lima. In 1550 he was commissioned by the city of Lima to treat with the court of Spain concerning the administration of the country. The emperor not only granted him all the favors he asked for the city, the principal of which was the establishment of a university, but gave him the title of first bishop of La Plata and the regency of the royal audience in that city. On his arrival in Lima he was attacked by the malady of which he died. SAN ROMAN, Misriiet de. Peruvian soldier, b. in Puno in 1802 ; d. in Chorrillos, 3 April, 1863. He was the son of an Indian chief, and accom- panied his father in the revolt of Pumacahua (q. v.). and, when the latter was captured and shot, the boy swore vengeance against the Spaniards. In 1821 he entered the army and took part in the campaign of independence. During the second siege of Callao in 1820, by order of Bolivar he protected Bellavista. In the campaign of the restoration he served in the constitutional army, and was pres- ent in the battle of Yungai. 30 Jan., 1839. In 1841, during the war against Bolivia, he commanded one of the divisions of thr Peruvian army, and after the battle of Ingavi on 18 Nov., which was fatal to his republic, he crossed Desaguadero river, occupied the department of Puno, and there he employed himself in the reorganization of the army. In 1845 he was elected senator of the re- public, and he afterward became president of the council of state, and in consequence vice-president of the republic. In 1851, as a deputy, he occupied his place in the legislative body. He was appointed minister of war in 1855, and in 1856 was a member of the constituent congress, and an author of the constitution that was promulgated that year. In 1858, during several months, he occupied the ex- ecutive as president of the council of ministers. In 1862 he was elected president of the republic; but his administration was of short duration, as he died early in the following year.

SANTA-ANNA, Antonio Lopez de, president of Mexico, b. in Jalapa, 21 Feb., 1795; d. in the city of Mexico. 20 June, 1870. He entered the Spanish army as a cadet on 6 July, 1810. and served against the patriots, rising gradually till in April, 1821. he pronounced for the Plan de Iguala and joined the army of Iturbide, by whom he was pro- moted brigadier and governor of Vera Cruz. After Iturbide was proclaimed emperor, Santa-Anna be- gan to conspire against him, and. when he was relieved of his command and ordered to Mexico, he pn ic -l.-dmed the republic in Vera Cruz on 2 Dec., 1822. In 1823 he pronounced in San Luis Potosi for federation, and when that principle was victorious lie' was appointed governor of Yucatan, and after- ward of Vera Cruz. On 12 Sept., 1S28, he headed a revolt against the election of Gomez Pedra/.a, declaring in favor of Gen. Vicente Guerrero, and after the triumph of the latter he was appointed governor and commander of Vera Cruz. There he began to assemble forces against a threatened Spanish invasion, although his enemies insinuated revolutionary motives, and when, on 29 July, 1829, Gen. Barradas, with an army of 3,000 men, landed near Tampico, Santa-Anna, without awaiting or- ders from Mexico, marched against the enemy, whom he defeated on 20 Aug. and 10 Sept., and forced to capitulate on the next day. He was pro- moted major-general, but retired to his estate, where he began to intrigue against the new presi- dent, Bustamante. On 2 Jan., 1832, he pronounced in open revolt at Vera Cruz, and after finally de- feating Bustamante on 12 Nov., 1832, at Casas Blancas, he was elected president, but withdrew to his country place, leaving the vice-president, Val- entin Gomez Farias, in charge. He de- feated several insur- rections against the government, until in 1834 he headed a revolution to over- throw Gomez Farias, who was deposed by congress, 5 Jan., 1835. Gen. Barragan was appointed provision- al president, as San- ta-Anna persisted in his policy of leaving the responsibility of the executive to an- other, whom he could control. He now al- lied himself entirely with the reactionary

party; the Federal

system was abolished, and the governors of the former states, now provinces, were made dependent from the central government. This gave a pretext for the separation of Texas, and that province declared its independence. Immediately Santa-Anna abandoned his estate to take the field in person, and in February. 1836, passed the Rio Grande with 6.000 men. On 6 April he stormed the Alamo fort at San Antonio, killed its defenders, afterward massacred the garrison of Goliad, and for several weeks was victorious. But on 21 April he was surprised at San Jacinto, and totally routed by the Texan army under Gen. Samuel Houston. He fled, but was captured three days afterward, and was fortunate in escaping retaliation for his cruel execution of Texan troops. He gave a written order to his second in command to retire across the Rio Grande, and on 14 May signed a treaty with the provisional president of Texas, David <;. Burnett, recognizing the independence of that statc>. lie was a prisoner for eight months, but was finally sent by Gen. Houston to the United States, and released in February, 1837. On his re-