work be introduced several new and appropriate scientific terms, which have since lieen adopted by scientific writers, ami he illustrated the climate of the staff in an original and ingenious manner by maps, plates, and tables (1860).
SMITH, Joseph Rowe, soldier, b. in Stillwater.
N. Y., 8 Sept., 1802 : d. in Monroe. Mich., 3 Sept.,
1868. He was graduated at the II. S. military
academy in 1823, became 1st lieutenant in 1832
and captain in 1838, and served in the Florida war
in 1837-'42. During the Mexican war he was bre-
vetted major for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. and
lieutenant-colonel for Contreras and Churubnsco,
receiving in the latter engagement a wound that
ever afterward disabled his left arm. He became
major of the Tth infantry in 1851. and in 1861 was
retired on account of his wounds, but in the follow-
iiiLT year was appointed mustering and disbursing
officer for Michigan, with headquarters on the
lake-., lie became chief mustering officer of
Michigan in 1862. military commissary of musters
in 1863, and in 18(io was brevetted brigadier-general,
U. S. army, for " long and honorable service."
SMITH, Joshua Toulmin, British author, b.
in Birmingham. England, 29 May. 1816 ; d. in
Lansing. Sussex, England, 28 April, 1869. Ik- was
educated in the public schools of his native city,
and became an eminent publicist, constitutional
lawyer, and scholar, being especially learned in the
Scandinavian languages and literature. He rc-idci 1
in this country in 1837-'42, and while here pub-
lishi'd his " Discovery of America by the Northmen
in the 10th Century " (Boston, 1839). This work
is accompanied by maps and |>lutes and has ever
since been regarded as the standard authoritv "ii
that subject. The most eminent American his-
torians have quoted it. and it was the ground of his
election as a corresponding member of the Society
of northern antiquaries, Copenhagen, Denmark.
On his return to Europe he devoted himself to con-
stitutional and old Saxon law. was admitted to the
bar in 1849, for eight years edited the " Parliament-
ary Remembrancer," and gave much time and
study to antiquarian researches, physical science,
geology, and mineralogy. His publications in-
clude " Popular View of the Progress of Philoso-
phy among the Ancients " (London, 1836) ; " Paral-
lels between the Constitution and the Constitutional
History of England and Hungary" (1849); "The
Parish] its Obligations and Powers " (1854) ; " The
Laws of Nuisances and Sewerage Works " (1855) ;
" The Right Holding of the Coroner's Court "
(is.v.h: and " History of the English Guilds" (1870).
SMITH, Josiah, clergyman, b. in Charleston,
S. C.. in 1704; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in October,
1781. His grandfather, Thomas, was a landgrave
and governor of the province of South Carolina.
Josiah was graduated at Harvard in 1725, being the
first native of South Carolina to receive a college
degree. He was ordained in 1726, returned to
Charleston, and was successively pastor of Presby-
terian churches in Bermuda, Cainhoy, and Charles-
ton. S. C. He maintained a learned disputation
with Hugh Fisher in 1730 on the subject of the
right of private judgment, and in 1740 espoused
the cause of George Whitefield, whom he invited to
occupy his pulpit. He was an earnest friend of
American independence, and on the surrender of
Charleston became a prisoner of war, was taken to
Philadelphia, and died there while in confinement.
He published numerous discourses, and a volume
of sermons (Charleston, 1752).
SMITH, Josiah Torrey, clergyman, b. in Vill-
iamsport, Mass. ,4 Aug., 1815; d. in Royalston, Mass.,
17 May, 1888. He was graduated at Williams.and was
pastor successively of Baptist churches in Lanes-
borough, Sandisfield, and Hinsdale. Mass.. Bristol,
Conn., Amherst, Mass., Woodstock, Conn., and
Warwick. R. I. Brown gave him the degree of
M. A. in 1879. and the University of Iowa that of
D. D. in 1880. His publications include many maga-
zine articles, miscellaneous contributions to the re-
ligious press, and " Examination of ' Sprinkling as
the Only Mode of Baptism,' etc., by Absalom Peters,
D. D." (Boston, 1849); and "The Scriptural and
Historical Arguments for Infant Baptism Exam-
ined " (Philadelphia, 1850).
SMITH, Judson, educator, b. in Middlefield,
Hampshire co.. Mass, 28 June, 1837. He was
graduated at Amherst in 1859, and at Oberlin theo-
logical seminary in 1863. was tutor in Latin and
Greek in Oberlin in 1862-'4. instructor in mathe-
matics and metaphysics in Williston academy,
K.-Mhampton, Mass., for the subsequent two years,
professor of Latin at Oberlin in 1866-'70. occupied
the chair of ecclesiastical history and positive insti-
tutions in Oberlin theological seminary in 1870-'84,
lecturer on modern history in Oberlin in 1875-'84,
and lecturer on history in Lake Erie female semi-
nary in 1879-'84. In 1866 he was ordained to the
ministry of the Congregational church. He edited
the " Bibliotheca Sacra " in 1882-'4, and has since
been one of its associate editors, was president of the
Oberlin board of education in 1871-'84, and since
that date has been foreign secretary of the Ameri-
can board of commissioners for foreign missions.
Amherst, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877. His
publications include, besides many magazine arti-
cles, a series of " Lectures in Church History and
the History of Doctrine from the Beginning of
the Christian Era till 1684" (Oberlin, 1881). He is
also the author of " Lectures on Modern History "
(printed privately, 1881).
SMITH, Julia Evalina. reformer, b. in Glas-
tonbury, Conn.. 27 May. 1792; d. in Hartford,
Conn.. 6 March, 1886. Her father was a preacher
and physician, an early Abolitionist, and both
parents were Sandemanians. She became known
throughout the country as one of the five"Glas-
tonbury sisters," who resisted the payment of taxes
because they were denied suffrage, and submitted
to the sale of their property by the town authori-
ties rather than obey the 'law. With her sister,
Abigail H. (17!I6-1S7S|. she was an early and active
member of the Woman's suffrage party and an in-
teresting and conspicuous figure at their conven-
tions. In 1876 they addressed a petition to the
legislature of Connecticut, in which they set forth
their grievances. Julia kept a weather-record from
1832 till 1880. In 1879 she married Amos G.
Parker, a lawyer of New Hampshire, aged eighty-
six years. The Glastonbury sisters were well versed
in modern and ancient languages, and for many
years were engaged on a translation of the Holy
Scriptures literally from the original tongues,
which was published (Hartford. isliii.
SMITH, Junius, pioneer of ocean steam navigation, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 2 Oct., 1780; d. in Astoria, N. Y.,' 23 Jan., 1853. His father, Gen. David Smith, was an officer of militia. Junius was graduated at Yale in 1802, studied at the Litchfield law-school, and in 1803 delivered the annual oration before the Society of the Cincinnati of Connecticut. He practised at the New Haven bar till 1805. when he was appointed to prosecute a claim
against the British government for the capture of an American merchant ship. He pleaded the cause in the admiralty court in London, succeeded in obtaining large damages, and on his return to this country extensively engaged in commerce, and con-
