MONOPHYSITES
492
MONOPHYSITES
niptibility" an obligatory doctrine, in spite of the fact ' guished from an earlier grammarian, also calledPhilo-
that .Julian had been anathematized by a council at
Constantinople in 53li, at which date he had probably
been dead for some years.
A commentary by Julian on the Book of Job, in a Latin version, was printed in an old Paris edition of Origen (ed. Cienebrardus, 1.574). .\ MS. of the origi- nal Greek is mentioned by Mai. It is largely quoted
p(mus, who flourished under .\ugu.stus and Tiberius.
Of his life 111 tie is known. On ac^count of his Trithe-
isti<' opinions lie was smnmoned to Constantinople by
,Iusl inian, but lie e.xcu.sed himself on account of his age
and infirmity, lie addressed to the emperor a treatise
" De divisione, differentia, et numero ", which seems to
be the same as a treatise spoken of as "De differentia
in the catena on Job of Nieetas of Heraclea. The quajmanerecreditur in Christo iiost unionem"; but it
great work of Julian against Severus seems to be lost.
Ten anathematisms remain. Of his commentaries,
one on Matthew is cited by Mo.ses Barkepha (P. G.,
CXI, 551). It is to be hoped tliat some of Julian's
works will be recovered in Syriac or C^'optic transla-
tions. An anti-Julianist catena in the British Museum
(MS. Addit. 12155) makes mention of Julian's writ-
ings. We hear of a treatise by him, ".\gainst the
Eutj'chianists and Maniclia'ans", which shows that
Julian, like his great opponent Severus, had to be on
his guard against extravagant Monophysites. Part of
the treatise which Peter of Calliuicus, Patriarch of
Antioch (578-.591), wrote against the Damiani.sts is
extant in Syriac MSS. (see Assemani's and Wright's
catalogues).
The wTiters of the Tritheist sect (see Tritheists) ne.\t tiemand our attention. The chief among them, Julin Phitoponus, of CsEsarea, was Patriarch of the
is lo.st. He addressed an e.ssay onTritheism to Atha-
nasius Monachus, and was condemned on this account
at .Mcxandria. At a disputation held by the em-
jieior's order before the Patriarch of Constantinople
John Scliolasticus, Conon, and Eugenius represented
the Tritlicists; John condcnined Philoponus, and the
emperor issued an edict against the sect (Photius, cod.
24). In .'itis Pliiloponus was still alive, for he pub-
lished a pamphlet against John, which Photius de-
Bcrilies with great severity (cod. 75). The style of
Philoponus, he says, is always clear, but without dig-
nity, and his argumentation is puerile. (For the theo-
logical views of the sect, see Tritheists.)
Conon, Bishop of Tarsus, though a Tritheist and, with Eugenius, a supporter of John Philoponus before the emjieror, disagreed with that writer about the equality of the three Persons of the Koly Trinity (see Tritheists), and together with Euqejiius and Themis-
Trit heists at Alexandria at the beginning of the sixth tins wrote a book, Kara 'Iwdfvov, against his views on
century, and was the principal writer of his party. He
wa.s a grammarian, a philosopher, and an astronomer
as well as a theologian. His principal theological work,
Aioiti;t7js -^ irepi iviicreuis, in ten books, is lost. It dealt
with the Christ ological and Trinitarian controversies
of Ids age, and fragments of it are found in Ijcontius
(De sectis, Oct. 5), in St. John Damascene (De ha~r., I,
101-107, ed. Le Quien) and in Niceph. Call., XVIII
(.see Mansi, XI, 301). A complete Syriac translation
is in Brit. Mus. and Vat. MSS. Another lost theo-
logical work, irepl amaTdaeus, described the writer's
theory of a creation of new bodies at the general resur-
rection; it is mentioned by Photius (cod. 21-23), by
Timotheus Presbyter and Nicephorus. As a philos-
the Resurrection. Eugenius is called a Cilician bishop
by John of Ephesus, but Bar Hebrajus makes him
Bishop of .Seleucia in Isauria (see Tritheists). The-
mistius, surnamed Calonymus, was a deacon of Alex-
andria, who separated from his patriarch, Timothy IV
(517-535), and founded the sect of Agncetae. He
wrote against Severus a book called "Apology for the
late Theophobius", to which a Severian monk named
Theodore replied ; the answer of Themistius was again
refuted by Theodore in three books (Photius, cod.
108). Other works of Themistius are referred to by
St. Maximus Confessor, and some fragments are cited
in Mansi, X, 981 and 1117. Stephen Gobarus the Tri-
theist is known only by the elaborate analysis of his
ophcr Philoponus was an Aristotehan, and a disciple book given by Photius (cod. 232); it was a "Sic et
of the Aristotelian commentator Ammonius, son of Non" like that of Abelard, giving authorities for a
Hermeas. His own commentaries on Aristotle were proposition and then for the contrary opinion. At the
printed by Aldus at Venice (on "De generatione et lend were some remarks on curious views of a number
interitu", 1527; "Analytica posteriora", 1534; "Ana- )of Fathers. It was evidently, as Photius remarks, a
lytica priora", 1.536; "De nat. auscult.", I-IV, and /performance of more labour than usefulness. "Deanima", 1.535; "Meteorologica", I, 1551; "Met-" Hi.story. — We now turn to the historians. Zacha-
aphysica", 1.583). lie also wrote much against the rias of Gaza, brother of Procopius of Gaza, the rheto-
'E5rix«V^Ma'"a of Proclus, the last great Xeoplatonist: rician, Zacharias Scholasticus, Zacharias the Rheto-
eighteen books on the eternity of the world (Venice,
1535), composed in .529, .and irep! Kocr^ioTrouas (printed
by Corderius, Vienna, U)30, and in (iailandi, XII; new
ed. by Reichert,, 1897), on the Ilexa'uieron, in which
he follows St. Biisil and other Fathers, and shows a
vast knowledge of all the literature and science acces-
sible in his day. The lat ter work is dedicated to a cer-
tain iSergius, who may perhaps be identified with
Sergius the Grammarian, the Eutychianizing corre-
rician, Zacharias of Mitylene, are all apparently the
same person (so Kugener's latest view, Krilger, and
Brooks). Of his early life we have a vivid picture in
his memoirs of Severus, with whom he studied at Alex-
anflria and at Berytus. His home was at the port of
Gaza, near the monastery of the bishop, Peter the
Iberian. To the latter he was greatly devoted, and
believed that Peter had prophesied his unfitness for
the monastic life. He in fact did not become a monk,
spondent of Severus. The work was possibly written as when his friends Evagrius, Severus, and others did so,
early as 517 (for 617 in the editions is evidently a cleri- but practised law at Constantinople, and reached
caj error). A "Computatio de Pascha", printed after eminence in his profession. Of his writings, a dialogue
this \york, argues that the Last Supper was on the 13th "that the world did not exist from eternity " was prob-
of Xizan, and was not a real passover. A lost theo- ably composed in youth while he lived at Berytus.
logical work entitled r/iiJAuiTa is summarized by Michael His "Ecclesiastical Historj'" is extant only in a Syriac
the Syrian (Chronicle, II, 69). A Ixjok against the epitome which forms four books (III-VI) "of the "His-
Council of Chalcedon is mentioned by Photius (cod. toria Miscellanea". It begins with a shortaccount
.55). A work "Contra Andream" is preserved in a from a Monophysite point of view of the Council of
Syriac MS. Another work "Against the Acephali" Chalcedon, and continues the history, mainly of Pales-
exists in MS., and may be the work Philoponus is tine and Alexandria, until the death of Zeno (491).
known to have written in controversy with Severus. From the same history is derived a curious statistical
In grammar his master was Romanus, and his extant description of Rome in "Hist. Misc.", X, xvi. The
writings on the subject are based upon the (ca^oXiKiJ very interesting life of .Severus carries the author's
of Herodian (ronica wapa.yy4\fu:Ta, ed. Dindorf, 1825; recollections up to the accession of his hero to the .See
irtpl Tuf Oiaipbput Tovoviiivuv, cd. l'",genolff, 1880). of .\ntioch in 512. It w;is written subsequently to the
This sixth century Monophysite is to be distin- history, as the cubicuLarius Eupraxius, to whom that
