PAZZI
596
PEACE
exercised great innurnic umt him. lu> went to the
Jesuit colh'ije in Ki)Uiz.sv;ir. At tlic af;<' i>f tliiiteen lie
hecame a Calliolic. and at seventeen enlen'd the Jesuit
novitiate. Proceeding to Rome for liis liigher stii(he.<,
he studied for four years under Bellarmine. After-
wards he taught i)hilosoi)liy and theology in Gratz,
and in 1601 returned to Hungary. He successively
became Provost of TurtW, Bishop of Nyitra. in KiKi
Archbishop of Esztergoni, and lastly Cardinal Primate
of all Hungary. Pazmdny engaged in a lit<'rary war-
fare with Stephen Magyary, a Protestant preacher,
who in a book entitled "The causes of the country's
ruin" (Az orszagokban vaI6 sok romldsoknak okai-
r61),p\iblisheil in lt)()2, declared the Catholic religion
to be the princijial cause. Pdzmdny answered him in a
work entitled " Reply to Stephen "Mag\-ar>-" (Felelet
Magyary Istvannak), i)roving that the Protestant re-
ligion, and not the Catliolic, wivs the cause. He trans-
lated the "Imitation of Christ" and also compiled a
prayer-book, still in popular use. In 160.5 appeared
"Ten arguments proving the falsity of the present
science"; in 1609, "Five famous letters to Peter A 1-
vinczy " ; in 1613 his great theological and apologetical
work, "Hodoegus, or Guide to God's truths" (Hodoe-
gus, vagy Isteni igazsagra vezerlo, Kalauz). The
first part of the last work was dogmatic, the second
part polemical. With unanswerable arguments he
showed the truth of the Catholic religion, whose vic-
tory in Hungary he secured by this work. Hence-
forth Protestantism was reduced to personal recrim-
inations and forcf^ of arms. In 1636 he published
his sermons, which became a model for the priest-
hood.
Pdzmdny belongs to the first rank of preachers, his discourses being notable for their logic, rather than beautiful words. By his writings, preaching, but. es- peciallv by his personal meetings he converted about thirty noble families (e. g. the Zrinyi, Wesselenyi, Nd<lasdy, Rdk6czy etc.). These families spent most of their money in converting the people of the lower classes, whom' the Reformation had seduced from the true Faith. As archbishop, Pazmdny put into effect the decrees of the Council of Trent. He introduced the Missale Romaniim, and was the great apostle of the cel- ibacy of the clergy. He also displayed great activity in founding schools, building many seminaries for the education of poor students who aspired to the priest- hood, and also manv elementary and high schools. In 1623 he gave 4(j,()()() dollars toward the building in Vienna of a seminary for Hungarians (the Pazmaneum) , which is to-day in a very flourishing condition. In
1626 he built a college in Pozsony, the direction of which he placed in the hands of the Jesuits. In 1635 he built an elementary school in the same place, and in
1627 he gave .533 dollars that Hungarian seminarians might be sent to Rome to finish their theological studies. In Nagyszombat he built a seminary and also a college for the children of impoverished nobles. In 1635 he founded the first Hungarian university for the furthering of Catholic ideals; this institution is in Budapest, and is at present (1910) attended by 5000 students. Pdzmdny ortlered that the bishops every year, and the archbishops everj' four years, should hold a conference, and that the deans and pastors should take an examination every year. As a politician, Pdzmdny desired Hungar>' to be a kingdom with a Catholic ruler, and tliat Hungani' and Austria should work together in all dealings wnth foreign powers, Tran.sylvania being independent. Pdzmdny's idea was that, with a Catholic Himgarian king, the country would be well protected from the Turks. It was to his earnest efforts that Ferflinand II was partially en- debted for his succession to the throne. In 1622 he brought about peace between Gabriel Bethlen (ruler of Transylvania) and Ferdinand II, religious freedom being granted to the Protestants. He battled so long and nobly for Catholicism, and his efforts were
crowned with such great success that we may say that
he was born in Protestant, but died in (Catholic,
Hungary.
Fk.\kn6i Vilmos, Pdzmdmj PHcr H kora (P. Piizmdn,/ nnil his cenlurii, 3 vol.)., 1867-71); KovAcs. Pdzmdny Kalnuza (a Brllnr- min Disputati6i (The Conductor of Pdzmdny and the Disputations of Bdhrmine, Kassa, 1908).
A. B.^NGHA.
Pazzi, Mary Magdalen de'. Saint. See Mary Magdalen.
Peace Congresses. I. Early History. — The
genesis of the idea of a meeting of representatives of difTerciit iiaticiiis lo (il)tain by peaceful arbitrament a settlement of dilTerences has been traced to the year 1623 in modern history, to a French monk, Em<5ric Cruce, who wrote a work entitled "The New Cyneas", a discourse showing the opportunities and the means for establishing a general peace and liberty of con- science to all tlie world antl addressed to the monarch and the sovereign princes of the time. He proposed that a city, preferably Venice, should be selected where all the Powers had ambassadors and that there should be a universal union, including all peoples. He suggested careful arrangement as to priority, giv- ing the first place to the pope. Two years after this publication, appeared in Latin the work of Hugo Gro- tius "On the Right of War and Peace", pleading for a mitigation of some of the barbarous usages of war. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had a plan for the establishment of a "European Dy( t, Parliament or Estates". He was followed by other writers of different nationalities.
Immediately after the dethronement of Napoleon the First a congress of the great European powers met in Vienna, but it could hardly be called a peace congress, as its purpose was rather to adjust the bound- aries and limit the sphere of influence of the different nations which had united to overthrow the French emperor. From time to time differences between individual nations or the citizens of one nation and the government of another have been settled by arbitra- tion, but the idea of a World Congress to bring about a reduction of armament and a universal peace is of recent origin.
In 1S26, a congress composed of representatives of Spanish-American countries was planned by Bolivar for military as well as political purposes. One of its declared objects was "to promote the peace and union of American nations and establish amicable methods for the settlement of disputes between them ". This con- gress failed, as only four Spanish-American countries were represented and only one ratified the agreement. In 1831, however, Mexico took up the subject and proposed a conference of American Republics "for the purpose of bringing about not only a union and close alliance for defence, but also the acceptance of friendly mediation for the settlement of disputes between them, and the framing and promulgation of a code of penal laws to regulate their mutual relations". It does not appear that anything came of this congress, and in 1847 another was held at Lima, attended by representatives of Bolivia, Chili, Ecuador, New Granada, and Peru, for the purpose of forming an alliance of American republics. The United States was invited but as it was then at war with Mexico it sent no representative. Another congress w:is held by representatives from the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, and Venezuela, in 1864. An effort to hold a congress was made by the governments of Chili and Colombia in 1880, "to the end that the settlement by arbitra- tion of each and every international controversy' should become a principle of Amercian public law' . This congress did not meet, however, owing to a war between Chili .and Peru.
In 1881, the President of the United States invited the independent countries of North and South Amer-
