PISA
110
PISA
killed, the Ucayali missions were abandoned. They
were renewed after some years with a fair degree of
success, but in 1742 were again wiped out and all the
missionaries brutally butchered in a terrible rising
headed by the Campa, under the leadership of an
apostate Indian, Juan Santos, who took the name of
Atahualpa, claiming to be a descendant of the last of
the Incas. In 1747 Fr. Manuel Albaran. descending
the Apurimac, was killed by the Prro. In 1767 another
general rising resulted in the death of all but one of
sixteen missionaries of the Franciscan college of
Ocopa, Peru, which had taken over the work in 1754.
In 1790 the Franciscans again had eighteen missions
in operation in the upper UcayaU and Huallaga
region, with a total population of 15494 souls. In 1794
an attempt to gather the Piro into a mission was de-
feated by an epidemic, which caused them to scatter
into the' forests. In 1799 (or 1803-Raimondi) the
attempt was successfully carried out by Fr. Pedro
Garcia at the mission of Nuestra Seiiora del Pilar de
Bepuano. In 1S1.5 the principal and last mission for
the tribe was established by Fr. Manuel Plaza under
the name of Santa Rosa de Lima de los Piros. After
the revolution, which made Peru a separate govern-
ment, the missions were neglected, most of the mis-
sionaries were withdrawn, the neoph3-tes sought em-
ployment at the river ports or in the rubber forests,
or rejoined their wild kindred, and in 1835 only
one mission station, Sarayacu, remained upon the
Ucayali. The Piro, however, still rank among the
important tribes, although, on account of their wan-
dering habit, their true number is unknown. Hervas
gives the Piro language three dialects, and states that
Fr. Enrique Richter (c. 1685) prepared a vocabulary
and catechism in it and in several other languages
Castelnau and Marcov also give vocabularies.
Bhintos, T/iclmfricairffacf (i\ew York. 1S91); Cisteln.^i Expedition dans hs parties centrales de V Amerique du Sud, I\ (6 vols., Paris, 1S50-1); Galt, Indians of Peru in Smithsonian kepi, for 1877 (Washington, 1S7S) ; Hebndon, Exploration of the Yalley of the Amazon (Washington, 1853); Hervas, Catdlogo de las Lenguas, I (Madrid, ISOO): Labre Report in Scottish Geog. Mag., VI (Edinburgh, 1890); Markham, Tribes in the Valley of the Amazon in Jour. Anth. Inst., XXIV (London, 1895) ; Marcot, Voyage d travers V .Amerique du Sud (2 vols., Paris, 1869); Or- dinaire. Les Sauvages du Perou in Rerui d' Ethnographic, VI (Paris, 1887); Orton, The Andes and the Amazon (3rd ed.. New York, 1876); Raimondi, Apuntes sobre la Provincia lUoral de Loreto (Lima, 1862), in part tr. by Bollaert in Anthropological Review, I (London, 1863); Reclus, South America. I (Xew York, 1894): Smtth and Lowe, Journey from Lima to Para (London,
1836). James Mooket.
Pisa, Archdiocese of (Pis.e), in Tuscany, central Italy. The city is situated on the Arno, six miles from the sea, on a fertile plain, while the neighbouring moun- tains yield marble, alabaster, copper, and other min- eral products; mineral waters abound in the province. The famous duomo, or cathedral, begun (1063) by Buschetto and consecrated by Gelasius II (1118), is a basihca in the shape of a Latin cross, with five naves, the columns of which are of oriental granite. The upper portion of the fatjade is formed by five rows of columns, one above the other; the bas-rehefs of the four bronze doors were executed by Domenico Parte- giani and Augusto Serrano, after the designs of Giam- bologna and others. The cupola was painted bj- Orazio Riminaldi and Michele Cinganelli; the altars are all of Luna marble. Among the notable objects in this cathedral are the octagonal pulpit, the urn of St. Ranieri, and the lamp of Possenti da Pietrasanta, under which Galileo studied the isochronism of the pendulum. In front of the duomo is the baptistery, a round structure, with a cupola surmounted by a statue of St. John the Baptist; it was erected in 11.52. Be- side the duomo is tlie celebrated leaning campanile. The caiiiposanid (begun in 1278, completed in 1464) is a real museum of painting and of medieval sculp- ture; its architect was Giovanni Pisano, by whom also are six statues placed over one of the entrances. The frescoes are by Giotto, Orcagna, Benozzo Gozzoh,
Spinello Aretino, Simone Memmi, and Pietro Laurati.
It contains the tomb of the Emperor Henry VII.
Other churches are Santa Maria della Spina (1230;
1323); San Nicola, dating from about 1000; the
church of the Knights of S. Stefano (1555), a work of
Vasari; S. Francesco (tliirteenth century); S. Cate-
rina (1253), which belongs to the seminary and con-
tains the mausoleums of Bishop Saltarelli and of
Gherardo Compagni; S. Anna has two canvasses by
Ghirlandajo; S. Michele (1018); S. Frediano (ninth
century); S. Sepolcro (1150); S. Paolo (805?) called
the old duomo; S. Pietro in Grado, which dates from
the fifth century, and was restored in the ninth. The
episcopal residence, of the twelfth century, has im-
portant archives. Other buildings of interest are the
Loggia dei mercanti, bj^ Bountalcnti, and the univer-
sity (1105-1343), with which were united several
colleges, as the Puteano, Ferdinando, Vittoriano, and
Ricci. Outside the city are the Certosa di Calci, the
Bagni di Pisa, ancient baths which were restored by
Countess Matilda, and the Villa Reale di S. Rossore.
Pisa is the ancient Pisae, in antiquity held to be a
(XV Centvrt)
L Pal-\ce, Pisa
colony of Pisse in Elis. Later, it probably belonged
to the Etruscans, though often troubled by the Ligu-
rians. The people devoted themselves to commerce
and to piracy. From 225 B. c, they were in amicable
relations with the Romans, who used the port of Pisae
in the Punic War, and against the Ligurians, in 193.
By the Julian law, if not earlier, the town obtained
Roman citizenship. Little mention is made of it in
the Gothic War. In 553 it submitted to Xarses, of its
o^\-n accord; after the Lombard invasion, it seems to
have enjoyed a certain independence, and it was not
until the eighth century that Pisa had a Lombard dur,
while, in the ninth century, it alternated with Lucca
as the seat of the Marquis of Tuscany. The war be-
tween Pisa and Lucca (1003) was the first war be-
tween two Itahan cities. In 1005, the town was sacked
by the Saracens, under the famous Musetto (Mugheid
ai Ameri), who, in turn, was vanquished by the Pisans
and Genoese, in Sardinia. In 1029, the Pisans block-
aded Carthage; and in 1050, Musetto having again
come to Sardinia, they defeated him with the assist-
ance of Genoa and of the Marquis of Lunigiana; but
the division of the conquered island became a source
of dissension between the allied cities, and the discord
was increased when L'rban II invested the Pisans with
the suzerainty of Corsica, whose petty lords (1077)
had declared their wish to be fiefs only of the Holy See.
In 1126, Genoa opened hostilities by an assault on
Porto Pisano, and only through the intervention of
Innocent II (1133) was peace re-established. Mean-
wliile, the Pisans, who for centuries had had stations
in Calabria and in Sicily, had extended their com-
merce to Africa and to Spain, and also to the Levant.
