SAINT PAUL
SAINT PETER
was continued as a college; and its growth has been the four aisles and naves. In 1823 a fire, started
BO marvellous, that during the past year it enrolled through the negligence of a workman who was repair-
nearly 700 students. The seminary was transferred, ing the lead of the roof, resulted in the destruction of
in Sept., 1894, to new quarters, the St. Paul Seminary, the basilica. Alone of all the churches of Rome, it
built and endowed by the munificence of St. Paul's had preserved its primitive character for one thou-
sand four hundred and thirty-five years. The whole
great citizen, James J. Hill. In the year of its open-
ing it numbered about 60 students, and last year it
had on its list 165 seminarians, representing 19 dio-
ceses in the United States. In 1905 the St. Paul
Catholic Historical Society was organized with head-
quarters in the seminary. The following events
illustrate the growth of the Diocese and the Province
of St. Paul within recent years. On 2 June, 1907,
the comer-stone was laid for the new cathedral of
St. Paul; and a year afterwards, 31 May, 1908, a
similar ceremony was performed with reference to
the new pro-cathedral of Minneapolis. The chapel
of the Seminary of St. Paul witnessed, 19 May 1910,
a scene extremely
rare, if not unique,
in the annals of ec-
clesiastical history.
Six bishops received
on that day their
consecration, all six
destined for service
in the one Province
of St. Paul. The
present condition of
the diocese may best
be gauged from the
following statistics:
archbishop, 1; bish-
op, 1; diocesan
priests, 275; priests
of religious orders,
40; churches with
resident priests,
188; missions with
churches, 62; chapels,
17; theological semi-
nary, 1; college, 1;
commercial schools,
Christian Brothers, 2; number of pupils in parochial schools, 21,492; boarding-schools and academies for girls, 7; orphan asylums, 3; hospitals, 3; homes for the aged poor, 2; house of the Good Shepherd,!.
The Metropolitan, or Ameriran Chtholic Almanac; The Official Catholic Directory (Bahimore, New York, Milwaukee): Shea, The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1886); Reuss, Biographical Cyclopedia of the Catholic Hierarchy of the United States (Milwaukee, 1898); Hoffmann, St. John's Unirer- sUy (Collegeville, 1907); Acta et Dicta (St. Paul. 1907-11); Upham, Minnesota in Three Centuries, I (St. Paul, 1908); Folwell, Minnesota, the North Star State (Boston and New York, UIOS); Williams, A History of the City of St. Paul (St. Paul, 1876).
Francis J. Schaefer.
Facade, Church of St. Paul-without-the-Walls, Rome
orld contributed to its restoration. The Khedive of
Egypt sent pillars of alabaster, the Emperor of
Russia the precious malachite and lapis lazuli of the
tabernacle. The work on the principal fa<^ade, look-
ing toward the Tiber, was completed by the Italian
Government, which declared the church a national
monument. The interior of the walls of the nave
are adorned with scenes from the life of St. Paul in
two series of mosaics (Gagliardi, Podesti, Balbi, etc.).
The graceful cloister of the monastery was erected be-
tween 1220 and 1241. The sacristy contains a fine
statue of Boniface IX. In the time of Gregory the
Great there were
two monasteries near
the basilica: St. Aris-
tus's for men and
St. Stefano's for wo-
men. Services were
carried out by a
special body of clerics
instituted by Pope
Simplicius. In the
course of time the
monasteries and the
clergy of the basil-
ica declined; St.
Gregory II restored
the former and en-
trusted the monks
with the care of the
basilica. The popes
continued their gen-
erosity toward the
monastery; the basil-
ica was again injured
during the Saracen
invasions in the ninth
century. In consequence of this John VlII fortified
the basilica, the monastery, and the dwellings of the
peasantry, forming the town of Joannispolis, which was
still remembered in the thirteenth century. In 937,
when St. Odo of Cluny came to Rome, Alberico II,
patrician of Rome, entrusted the monastery and basilica
to his congregation and Odo placed Balduino of Monte
Ca.ssino in charge. Gregory VII was abbot of the
monastery and in his time Pantaleone of Amalfi pre-
sented the bronze gates of the basihca, which were exe-
cuted by Constantinopolitan artists. Martin V en-
trusted it to the monks of the Congregation of Monte
Cassino. It was then made an abbey nullius. The
Saint Paul-without-the-Walls {San Paolo fuori jurisdiction of the abbot extended over the districts of
le mura), an abbey nuliius. As early as 200 the burial
place of the great Apostle in the Via Ostia was marked
by a cella memoriw, near which the Catacomb of Com-
modilla was established. Constantine, according to
the "Liber Pontificalis ", transformed it into a basilica;
in 386 Theodosius began the erection of a much
larger and more beautiful basilica, but the work in-
cluding the mosaics was not completed till the pontifi-
cate of St. Leo the Great. The Christian poet, Pru-
dentius, describes the splendours of the monument in
a few, but expressive lines. As it was dedicated also
to Saints Taurinus and Herculanus, martyrs of Ostia
in the fifth century, it was called the basilica trium
DominoTum. Of the ancient basilica there remain
only the interior portion of the ap.se with the tri-
umphal arch and the mosaics of the latter; the mo-
saics of the apse and the tabernacle of the confession
of Arnolfo del Cambio belong to the thirteenth cen-
tury. In the old basilica each pope had his portrait
in a frieze extending above the columns separating
XIII.— 24
Civitella San Paolo, Leprignano, and Nazzano, all of
which formed parishes; the parish of San Paolo in
Rome, however, is under the jurisdiction of the cardi-
nal vicar.
.\RMELLiNi, Le chiese di Roma (Rome, 1891); Nicolai, Delia basilica di S. Paolo (Rome, 1815).
U. Benigni.
Saint Peter, Basilica of. — Topography. — The present Church of St. Peter stands upon the site where at the beginning of the first century the gardens of Agrippina lay. Her son, Caius Caligula, built a cir- cus there, in the spina of which he erected the cele- brated obelisk without hieroglyphics which was l^rought from Hehopolis and now stands in the Pi- azza di S. Pietro. The Emperor Nero was especially fond of this circus and arranged many spectacles in it, among which the martyrdoms of the Christians (Tacitus, "Annal.", XV, 44) obtained a dreadful no- toriety. The exact spot in the circus of the crucifix- ion of St. Peter was preserved by tradition through-
