URUGUAYANA
233
USHAW
jorts amounted to £9,476,000 — chiefly meat, tallow,
i wool, as against £.5,041,000 and £.5,901,000
pertively in 1901. The public debt in 1910 was
j.5,S0.5,7.S4. The Bank of the Republic, whose
ectors are nominated by the Government, can alone
lie notes; on 1 Jan., 1911, it had notes to the value
SlS,07ti,S42 in circulation. In 1912 the Govern-
nt created a national insurance bank with a monop-
of accident, fire, labour, and hfe in.surance; the
ng of a date for the enforcement of this monopoly
eft to the Government's discretion. Onlj- foreign
d is in circulation, the standard silver coin is the
■0 or dollar (SI. 034 in United States currency). In
)7 the use of the metric system was made compul-
y. Uruguay's well-watered allu\ial soil and undu-
ing plains make it primarily an agricultm-al and
itoral country. Sheep-farming is carried on espe-
Uy in Durazno and Soriano, and an excellent variety
A-ool is exported. The centre of the cattle industry
n Salto, Paysandu, and Rio Xegro; the beasts, chiefly
Enghsh slock, are destined chiefly for the salaiicro
de, that is sun-dried salted meat or jerked beef,
ich is exported to Brazil and Cuba. Fray Bentos
the headquarters of large factories for the manu-
t are of extract of beef. Vineyards were introduced
Salto about 1874, and have spread to Monte- eo, Colonia, and Canelones; the production of wine ounting to over 4 milhon gallons in 1908. Wheat
1 other cereals, as well as tobacco, are extensively wn, but not yet in sufficient quantitj' to develop export trade.
luLH.\Ll., Handbook of the River Plate Republics (London, 3); .-Vkebs, Hist, of S. America (London, 1904); Koebel. \guay (London. 1911); Uruguay, publ. by Internat. Bur. of Dr. Rpp. (Washington, 1902 and 1909); Anuario estadlslico de ?tfp. Oriental del Uruguay (MonteWdeo, 1909-11): .\RArJo, !ta hist, del Uruguay (Montevideo, 1909): M.\eso, El Uruguay ar>is de un siglo (Montevideo, 1910) : Mclh.\ll, Between the azon and the Andes (London, 18S1).
A. A. MacErlean.
Jruguayana, Diocese op (Urdguayanensis), 'r;ig;ui of Porto .4.1egre, Brazil. By a Decree dated .\ugusl, 1910, the See of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande < rai.sed to archiepiscopal rank, with the title of •to Alegre, three new dioceses being se|jarated from territory. Fifteen parishes were allotted to the )cese of Uruguayana, which includes the western tion of Rio Grande do Sul, bounded on the south (he Provinces of Artigas and Rivera (Uruguay) and the west by the Rio Uruguay. This fertile terri- y has important stock breeding and dried beef ustries. The town of I'ruguayana (14,000 inhabi- ts) is situated on the Rio Uruguay, 360 miles west r'orto . Alegre, with which it is connected by rail; it opposite the Argentine town of Restauraci6n and extensive trade by river and rail with Montevideo 1 Buenos Aires. It was founded in 1843 by order he revolutionary Government of Rio Grande. On ugust, 186.5, it was taken by the invading Para- yan army, but on 18 September following, the jders, numbering COOO men, h:id lo capitulate to the •d forces of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. The 1 other chief towns are .\legrilc C.WKIO inhabitants) I he li'ft bank of the Rio Ibinipuitun, and (Juarahy )0 inhabitants) opposite the town of .Santo Eugenio ugiKiy). Numerous flourishing missions were !i(lc<l by the Jesuits in this territory along the e;i.st- bank of the Rio Uruguay from 1632 to 1707, but fruits of their labours were lost on the expulsion of order (see Reductions of Paraguay). Tlie first lop of the new see is Mgr. Hermes Joseph Piii- o, b. at Traipu, in the Diocese of Alag6;i.s, 1871; itudied at Olinda, was ord.ained in 1901, appointed ish priest at Boa Vista and canon of Olinda, and linated Bi.shop of Uruguayana on 12 May, 1911. ■ cathedral church is dedicated to St. Anne. vLANTi, Compendia de hietaria do Brazil (SSo Paulo, 1896- ).
A. A. MacErlean.
Use (Rite). See Sa rum Rite; York Rite.
Ushaw College (College of St. Cuthbert), a combined college and seminary for the six dioceses that were comprised in the old Northern Vicariate of England. The government is vested in a united board of the bishops of these dioceses, with a presi- dent, a vice-president, and staff of about 30 professors. The average number of students is over 300, divided into three courses: the preparatory course, including about 80 boys, the humanity course with about 130, and the philosophical and theological with about 100. History. — The suppression of the "Grands Anglais" at Douai (q. v.), the seminary which for 200 years had meant the Catholic Faith to England, was only one of the many far-reaching results that the French Revolution brought in its train. The immediate necessity under which the English Cath- olics found themselves of providing for the cont inua- tion of its work led to a project of establishing one college for the whole of England on English soil. Many difiiculties supervened and finally the question arranged itself by the division of the refugee students from Douai into two bodies, one of which found shelter at Old Hall near Ware, while the remainder (mainly composed of students who were destined for tlie North- ern Vicariate), after temporary sojourns at Tudhoe and Pontop, two villages in the vicinity of Durham, settled on lo Oct., 1794, at Crook Hall, about eleven miles N. W. of that city. There they re-established Douai for the north of England, audit lived its life under the guidance of one of its former professors, Thomas Eyre, of John Lingard, the future historian, and of John Daniel, the actual president of Douai at its suppression, who seems to have been formally in- stalled as president for a few days. Ten years' growth made Crook Hall inadequate for its purpose, and in 1S04 Bishop William Gibson began the build- ings at Ushaw, to which, four years later, the colony finaUy migrated, the first detachment on 19 July, the rest on 2 August, 1808. There they found three sides of a massive quadrangle, with a frontage of about 170 feet and a depth of 220, ready for their habitation. The fourth .side of this quadrangle was not added till 1819, under the president who suc- ceeded Eyre in 1811, Dr. John Gillow; but no further material addition was made to the buildings until the fourth president, Charles Newsham, succeeded in 1837. He realized that, if Ushaw was adequately to continue its career, no pains nor expense must be spared to enlarge its capacity and to bring its arrange- ments into line with more modern requirements. The pioneers of the Gothic revival were at hand to assist him in this, and from the plans of the two Pugins and the two Hansoms the second church with its attendant chapels, the Ubrary, infirmary, museum, exhibition hall, lavatories, kitchens, and farm- buildings, and a sep:irate establishment for the younger lioys, all sprang up around the old Georgian quadrangle.
In much more than a conventional sen.se Monsignor Newsham may be called the founder of modern Ushaw; and the best evidence of how far-seeing were his plans and achievements lies in the fact that for twenty years after his death, in 1863, practically no addition was made to the fabric. In 1883 Monsignor Wrennal found it necessary to build a third church. Under Bishop Wilkinson, who assumed the presidency in 1890, which he held conjointly with the Bishopric of Hexham and Newca.stle till his death in 1909, a fresh period of activity began. A covered swimming bath, a gymnasium, two new dormitories, and over forty new living rooms, the enl.argement of the exhibi- tion hall, the elaborate decoration of the church with the erection of a new high altar, are all the products of his nineteen years of presidency. Two presidents have held office since his death: Monsignor Joseph
