CARDICA
333
CARDINAL
the highest praise from St. Alphonsus Liguori. In a
singularly clear style and with great profundity of
thought he examines some of the moral opinions
prevalent in his day, especially those tinged with ex-
treme I.axism, in his well-known "Crisis theologica
tripartita, sive Disputationes selects" (Lyons, 1670).
This work, which appeared in two parts, opened up a
storm of controversy, and in the edition of 1680 he
reasserted his position in a supplement which de-
fended moderate Probabilism against the twofold at-
tacks of Laxists and Rigorists. Though the argument
is unquestionably strong, and the opinions advanced
moderate and sound, the many digressions that con-
troversy suggests make this part of the book rather
uninteresting. In the Venetian editions of 1694,
1700, and 1710 there was first published, together
with these three parts, an explanation of the propo-
sitions condemned by the pope in 1679. This last
work, of which Father P. J. Kugler, S. J., composed a
compendium in 1704, has often been published sepa-
rately under the title: "Crisis theologica in qua
plures selectee difficultates ex morali theologia ad
fydium veritatis lapidem revocantur ex regula
morum posit a a SS. D. N. Innocentis XI P. M." etc.
(.Seville, 168.7; Venice, 1693, 1696).
Antonio. Bibliotheca Bispana nam (Madrid, 17S3), I, 671; Rtbadenbira-Sotwell, Bibliotheca Scriptorum S. J. (Rome, 16701. I. 431; De Backer and Sommervogel, Bibliotheque de la c. dej. (Brussels. Paris, 1891); II. col. 734-37; De Backer, Bibliothf que des ecrivains de la c. de J. (LiCKe, 1869), I, col. 1078; Hurter, Xomenctah.r (Innsbruck, 1876 1, II. pt. I, 231 ; Dollinger-Recsch. Geschiehle der Moralstreitigkeiten in der /,', „u ),:.„■>:. I, .rhen Kirche (Nordlingen, 1889), I. 39, 41, 46.
Leo F. O'Neil.
Cardica, a titular see of Thessaly. Cardica is a Latinized medieval form for Gardicium, the true Greek name being Gardikion. It figures only in later "Notitia- episcopatuum" of the twelfth or thir- teenth century as a suffragan of Larissa. Lequien (II, 979) mentions five Latin Bishops of Cardica, from 1208 to 1389, the first being Bartholomew, to whom many letters of Pope Innocent III are addressed. Lequien was unacquainted with any Greek bishop of the see. Manuscript lists, however, contain eight names. They are: John, 1191-1192; Metrophanes, degraded in 1623; Gregorius orCyrillus, 1623; Sophronius, 1646-1649; Gregorius, about 1700; Meletius, 1743; Paisius, eighteenth century; Gre- gorius, about 1852. When Thessaly was united with Greece (1S82) the see had been vacant since 1875. It was suppressed in 1899, and Gardikion, commonly Gardiki, is now but a little town with about 3,000 inhabitants in the Diocese of Phthiotis. S. Petrides.
Cardinal, a dignitary of the Roman Church and counsellor of the pope. By the term cardinal (Car- I was originally understood every priest perma- nently attached to a church, every clericus, either inti- tulatusoTincardinatw. [C.3 (Gelasius 1,492-496), D. XXIV. C.35 (Gregory 1, 595), D. LXXI. C. 6 (Greg- ory I. 603. D.LXXIV. C. 42 (Gregory 1,592), C. VIII, q. 1.] It became the usual designation of every priest belonging to a central or episcopal church, an ecclesi- astical cardo il.at. for hinge). Cf. Hincmarof Reims, "De jure metropolitan! ", c. 20 (Opp. ed. Sirmond, II, 731); C. 2. § 6 ( Pseudo-Isidore), D. XXII. Lastly it was equivalent to principalis, i.e., excellent, super- ior, and is soused bvSt. Augustine (De baptismo, I, 6: ed. Bened. I\
The origin, development, and modifications of this office will be treated as follows: I. Cardinal-priests; II. Cardinal-deacons: III. Cardinal-bishops; IV. Cardinalitial dioceses, titles, and deaconries; V. Rela- tions of the cardinals to the bishops; VI. Relations of the cardinals to the pope: VII, Nomination of cardinals; VIII. Duties of cardinals; IX. Rights of cardinals; X. The College of cardinals.
I. Cardinal-Priests. — Until late in the Middle
Ages the title of cardinal was given to prominent
priests of important churches, e. g., at Constanti-
nople, Milan, Ravenna, Naples, Sens, Trier, Magde-
burg, and Cologne (cf. G. Phillips, Kirchcnrecht,
Ratisbon, 1845 sq., VI, 41 sqq.; P. Hinschius, "Das
Kirchenreeht der Katholiken und Protestanten in
Deutschland", Berlin, 1869, I, 318 sqq.). In keep-
ing with this custom we find the term Cardinales
applied at Rome from the end of the fifth century to
priests permanently attached to the (twenty-five to
twenty-eight) Roman tiluli, or quasi-parishes (quasi
dioceses), belonging to the church of the Bishop of
Rome, the pope — therefore to the Cardo ecclesia? par
excellence — in which tiluli the Sacraments of Baptism
and Penance were administered, and which were also
of ten called tUidi cardinales. The "Liber Pontifica-
lis" describes as follows this quasi-parochial system
of ancient Rome: "Hie [Euaristus, 99-107?] titulos
in urbe Roma divisit presbyteris . . . "; and
again: "Hie [Dionysius, 259-268] presbyteris ec-
clesias dedit et eymeteria et paroccias dioeesis con-
stituit"; and elsewhere: "[Marcellus, 308-309] XXV
titulos in urbe Roma constituit quasi dioeesis propter
baptismum et poenitentiam multorum qui converte-
bantur ex paganis et propter sepulturas martyrum"
(op. cit,, ed. Duchesne, Paris, 18S6, I, 126, 157, 164).
In other words, an ecclesiastical division of the city
for various parochial purposes is attributed to popes
of the second and third centuries. Such a division,
scarcely possible in the period of persecution, is
vouched for at the end of the fifth century by the
signatures of Roman presbyters present at the Coun-
cil of Rome in 499 under Pope Symmachus (cf. A.
Thiel, Epistoke Romanorum Pontificum genuinse,
Brunsberg, 1868, 651 sqq.). These presbyters were
thenceforth known as cardinales [C. 5. (Const itu-
tum apocryphum Silvestri I. about the end of the
fifth century, c. 7), D. XCIII, C. 2 (Concilium apo-
cryphum Silvestri I, about the end of the fifth cen-
tury), C. II, q. 4; C. 3, 4, 5 (Roman Svnod under
Pope Stephen III. 7(59), D. LXXIX; Letter of Leo IX
(1053) to Michael Cserularius in Jaffe, " Regesta Pon-
tificum Romanorum", 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1885), no. 4302].
However, not all the numerous priests attached
to these titular churches were known as cardinales,
but, in keeping with the then current use of car-
dinalis as the equivalent of principalis (see above),
only the first priest in each such church — let us say
the archipresbyter. According to a constitution of
John VIII, published between S73 and 882, these
cardinal-priests [presbyteri cardinales i were the super-
visors of ecclesiastical discipline at Rome and also
ecclesiastical judges. We read in this constitution
"De jure cardinalium" as follows: "Itemque ex
nostra prsesenti constitutione bis in mense vel eo
amplius vel apud ilium vel ilium titulum sive apud
illam vel illam diaconiam sive apud alias quaslibet
ecclesias vos convenire mandamus, et ob vestram et
inferiorum clericorum vitam et mores et qualitates et
habitus vestium perscrutandum et quallter quilibet
propositi se erga subditos habeant vel quod subditi
suis praepositis non obediant et ad quseque illicita
amputanda, clericorum quoque et laieorum queri-
monias, quae ad nostrum judicium pert incut , quantum
fieri potest definiendas, quippe cum sicut nostram
mansuctudinem Moysi, ita et vestram paternitatem
LXX seniorum. qui sub eodem causarum negotia
diiudicabant. vicissitudinem gerere, certum habea-
mus. Item monasteria abbatlbus viduata et abba-
tum nostra precedents conscientia substitutionem
his, qui sunt inter vel fuerinl monastics professionis,
disponenda committimus" (Jaff£, op. cit., no. 3366).
That is, the pope commands them to meet at least
twice a month, in their own or other churches, to in-
vestigate their own lives and those of the clergy, the
relations of superiors and inferiors, and in general to
check all violations of the laws; also to settle, as far
