CHINA
674
CHINA
Jartoux, by Bouvet, Cardoso, Bonjour (Augustinian),
Mailla, Hinderer, de Tart re. and especially Fridelliand
Regis. They were the basis of d'Anville's celebrated
maps issued between 1729 and 1734 (2) "Description
geographique de la Chine" by J. B. Du Halde (Paris,
1735), compiled from materials sent by twenty-seven
missionaries in China. (3) "Lettres edifiantes et
curieusea", a collection of letters from missionaries
in all parts of the world, begun in 1702 by Charles Le
Gobien, and after his death by Du Halde, Patouillet,
and Marechal (34 vols., 1703-76). This work was
reprinted in 1780-83 by Yves-Mathurin-Marie de
Qucrbcuf. There have been numerous editions and
translations since. (4) "Memoires concernant l'his-
toire, les sciences . . . des Chinois" (Paris,
1776-1S14), containing a mass of information sent
mainly by Amiot and Cibot, and edited by Brotier,
Brequigny, and others; the last volume, containing
t he end of the history of the T'ang dynasty, was
edited by Silvestre de Sacy. (5) Sixteen plates
drawn by order of Emperor K'ien-lung to commem-
orate his conquests in Central Asia. The artists at
Peking were Jean-Denis Attiret (d. 8 Dec, 1768),
Jean Damascene, Giuseppe Castiglioni, Ignaz Sichel-
barth, all Jesuits except Damascene, an Augustinian.
The plates were engraved at Paris under the direction
of C. N. Cochin. Besides Attiret there was another
.Jesuit painter at the imperial court, Giuseppe Panzi
(b. at Cremona, 2 May, 1734).
The Jesuits had four churches at Peking: The Northern or French church {Pe-t'a7ig), the Southern or Portuguese church (Nan-t'ang), the Western church (Si-t'ang), ami the Eastern church (Tung-t'ang), the old house of Adam Schall. The two beautiful cemeteries of the Jesuits outside the walls of Peking, one Portuguese (Sha-la-eul or Teng-kong-cha-lan), the other French (Ch'eng-fu-sse), were destroyed by the Boxers in 1900. The Jesuits had residences in the provinces of Chi-li, Shan-si, Shen-si, Shan-tung, Ho-nan, Sze-ch'wan, Hu-kwang, Kiang-si, Kiang- nan, Che-kiang, Fu-kien, Kwang-tung, and Kwang- si. The Jesuits, on their suppression in 1773, were replaced at Peking by the Lazarists. The Jesuit Archbishop of Nan-king, Xavier von Laimbeckhoven, an Austrian, died 22 May, 1787, near Su-chou. There were but few fathers at Peking when the news of the suppression of the Society reached the Chinese capital in Sept., 1774. Hallerstein and Benoit died of grief; the last member, Louis de Poirot, died before October, 1815.
In 1841 Luigi de Besi, Vicar Apostolic of Shan- tung and Ho-nan, was also placed temporarily in charge of the Diocese of Nan-king. The work was oo heavy for one man, and Monsignor de Besi wrote to the General of the Jesuits (IS Sept., 1841), asking him that some missionaries be sent to help him as soon as possible. The Christians of Kiang-nan had already applied to the general, the Very Rev. Father Roothaan (25 April, 1832), to the Queen of Portugal and to Pope Gregory XVI (1X40). At last two Jesuits, Claude Got (eland (b. in Savoy, 12 June, 1803; d. at Shanghai, 17 July, 1856) and Eugene- Martin-Francois Esteve (,1>. at Paris, 26 March, L807; d. at Zi-ka-wei, 1 July, 1848), arrived at Shanghai, 12 June. 1842. Soon afterwards they ivere joined by Benjamin Brueyre il>. '-'() May, 1810; ■ I al Hien-hien, 24 Feb., 1880). who had remained in
i In ( Ihusan Islands, then held by the British. Mon- signor de Besi had as successors Monsignor Maresca ■ l L855), and Monsignor Spelta, transferred in 1856 to llu-pe. The diocese was left in charge of the Jesuit, \niltv Borgniel (b. 11 Feb.. 1811; d. 31
July, 1NC,2, at I lien-hien I, who was finally consecrated
lituIarBi hopoi Beri a and appointed vicar Apostolic.
2 October. 1859. The mission of Kiang-nan suffered
during the T'ai-p'ing rebellion when Fathers Luigi Mai a and Victor Wuillaume were massacred
An important magnetic and meteorological obser-
vatory has been erected in the neighbourhood of
Shanghai, at the village of Zi-ka-wei, so called in
the local dialect on account of the proximity of the
tomb of the celebrated convert Paul Shi, under the
direction of Fathers Augustin Colombel (1873-74),
Henri Le Lee (1875-76), Marc Dechevrens (1877-
87), Bernard Ooms (1888, 1891), Stanislas Chevalier
(1889-97), Louis Froc (1888). Here are published
valuable bulletins and memoirs which render the
greatest service to navigators by forecasts of the
weather, special study being made of typhoons. A
yearly calendar full of useful data is also issued. An
astronomical observatory was established at Zo-se
(Che-shan) in 1899 by Father de Beaurepaire.
Since 1901 annals have been published; in 1897-9S
the director, Stanislas Chevalier, surveyed the
Upper Yang-tze from I-ch'ang to P'ing-shan-hien and
published a fine folio atlas of the great river, consist-
ing of sixty-four
sheets | 1899 I.
Under the direc-
tion of Pierre
Heude (b. at Fou-
geres,Brittany, 25
June, 1836; d. at
Zi-ka-wei, 3 Jan.,
1902), a museum
of natural history
was started, in
connexion with
which were issuec
"Memoires con-
cernant l'histoire
naturelle de l'em-
p i rec h i n o i s"
which are of great
interest. Mention
should also be
made of the valu-
ableseriesof
monographs
(twenty-five up to
1908) printed un-
der the general
heading "Yarieles sinologiques"; in this work Henri
Havret took the leading part after 1892. These
monographs treat of various provinces, of exami-
nations, of the Grand Canal, of landed property,
of the Jews, etc. It may be added that Fathers
Couvreur, Debesse, and Petillon published good
guides or dictionaries of the Chinese language, and
Angelo Zottoli compiled the "Cursus Litteraturse
sinicse". The Jesuits of this mission belong to the
province of France. Since 1903, a quarterly under
the title of "Relations de Chine" has been issued at
the head-quarters in Paris.
In 1856 part of the Chi-li province was also en- trusted to the care of the Jesuits, and Adrien Lan- guillat (b. 28 Sept., 1S0S; d. at Zi-ka-wei, 29 Nov., |s?m was consecrated 22 March, 1 s."i7. Bishop of Sergiopolis, and was the fust Vicar Apostolic ol South-Eastern Chi-li. This mission suffered greatly during the Boxer rebellion. Some of its members have distinguished themselves by their publications: e. E. Seraphin Couvreur lie 1 I Jan., 1S:;,"i>, who com- piled large dictionaries and made translations of the Chinese classics; Leo Wieger (1>. 9 July. 1856), author of "Rudiments de la langue chinoise . The Jesuits of this mission belong to the province of Champagne, the head-quarters being :ii Amiens. Since Novem- ber. 1898, they have edited :i periodical entitled "Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar."
Dominicans. The firsl missionary to arrive in i hina in modern times was tin- Portuguese Domin- ican, Caspar da Cruz (1555), whose successors were expelled by the mandarins, the latters' fears having
