COMMINES
163
COMMINES
'Handbook of the Textual Criticism of the New
r.st." (1901); Hammond, "Outlines of Text. Crit.
- i| plied to N. Test." (0.-rford) ; Nestle (also tr.), and the
exhaustive work by von Soden (both in German). — St. .Matthew's Gospel: Allen (e) in "Int. Crit. Comm."; .Mi yer (e), one of the older works, but still used, Dr. Hastings says, by some of the finest scholars, who kei'p it always near at hand; Bruce (?) in "Exp. (^■vck Test."; Alford (f); Morison (g); Carr (g); -I amb. Greek Test."— St. Mark: Swete (e); Gould (l; I in "Int. Crit. Comm."; Hort (g) Lindsay, an ex- cflloiit little book. — St. Luke: Plummet (e) in "Int. (lit, Comm."; Wright (g), "St. Luke's Gospel in Crvk"; Godet (g); Parrar (g).— St. John: Westcott (.■! in "Speaker's Comm.", the most highly praised cf all the commentaries on St. John's Gospel; Ber- iiatd in "Int. Crit. Comm."; Godet (g); Milligan and .M. ailton (g) ; Dods in " E.xp. Gr. Test." (g) ; Reith (g). Acts: Knowling (e), "Exp. Gr. Test.", one of the lie-t commentaries on .\cts in any language; Turner ill 'Int. Crit. Comm."; Rendall (g); Lumby (g) Karkii.-'n (g); Page (g). — Romans: Sanday and Head- lam (e) in "Int. Crit. Comm.", one of the best com- ing iitaries in existence on Romans, rendering all other laiLjlish commentaries superfluous. — I Corinthians: I\(il)(Ttson and Walker in "Int. Crit. Comm."; Evans (■_■! in "Speaker's Comm."; Findlay (g) in "Exp. Civk Test."; Edwards (g); Ellicott (g); Godet (f); M is.sio in Century Bible (g). — II Corinthians: Meyer (l;i. in "Int. Crit. Comm."; Bernard (g) in "E.xp. lli.ck Test."; Waite (g) in "Speaker's Commen- larv". — Galatians: Lightfoot (e) (London, 1S74), a
I nia.sterpiece of exegesis; Burton in "Int. Crit. 'Mtiim."; Rendall (g) in "Exp. Greek. Test."; Ellicott u) : Ramsay (g); Sanday (g). — Ephesians: Abbott (e)
II " Int. Crit. Comm." (Edinburgh); Armitage Robin- ■oii I e) ; Macpherson (g); Ellicott (g); Salmond (g) in ' i:xp. Greek Test."; Alford (f) (London); Meyer (f); Miller, good but daring. — Philippians and Philemon: (yightfoot (e), another masterpiece ; Vincent (e) in " Int.
Fit. Comm."; Ellicott (f); Moule (g), "Philippian -fii hes", and in "Camb. Greek Test." — Colossians:
htfoot (e), another great work; Abbott (e) in "Int. III. Comm." (in the same volume as Ephesians); 'ike (g) in "Exp. Greek Test."; Maclaren (g); .llaott (f); Findlay (f) in "Pulpit Comm."; Moule l;>, "Colossian Studies". — Thessalonians: Milligan ' , liighly esteemed; Frame in "Int. Crit. Comm.";
- nirott "(e); Meyer and Alford (f); Findlay (e);
Penney (g); Mason (g). — Pastoral Epistles: Lock in 'Int. Crit. Comm."; Ellicott (e); Bernard (g) in ' ( imb. Greek Test."; Meyer (f); Lilley (g) in "Hand- iniil; Series"; to these must be added the valuable Mink by James, "The Genuineness and Authorship of Iv Pastoral Ejjistles" (190G). — Hebrews: Westcott • ■). on a level with Lightfoot, the greatest work on Iilirews; Nairne in "Int. Crit. Comm."; Davidson ^ ' : Farrar (g). — Ep. of St. James: Mayor (e); Ropes a Int. Crit. Comm."; Alford and Meyer (f); Plump- '). — Epp. of St. Peter and St. Jude: Bigg (e) in Crit. Comm."; Hort (e), a splendid fragment; 1 innan (g), "I Peter"; Salmon (g), "I Peter"
Popular Commentary ' '. — Epp. of St. John : West^ ott (e), another of his great works; Haupt (g) and luther (g); Watson (g), "I John". — Revelation Apocalypse): Swete (e), the greatest commentary n the Apocalypse; Charles in "Int. Crit. Comm."; lilligan (e); Simcox (g); Hort (e).
Jewish Commentators. — .-^brah.^ms, Short History of Jewish iteraturc (London, 1906); Graetz, History of the Ji-w^ Philadelphia. 1891-98) ; Oesterley and Box, The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (London, 1907); Bacher, Bible Eic-
- sxs\n Jewish Encye.: Schechter, Talmud in Hist. Did. Bib.;
ARRAR, History of Interpretation (London. 1886); von Schurer, he Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Edinburgh. 1902). atristic Commentaries. — BARDENnEWER, Gesch. der altkirch- chen Litteratur (Freiburg. 1902-3): Idem, Patroloqie (1894; r. tr.. Paris, 1899); Turner in Hast.. Diet, of the Bible, extra »!.; Ehrhard, .Mtchr. Litteratur (Freiburg. 19(X)). Later Com- lentatois. — Calmet, Diet. Bib., I; Dixon. General Introd. to the
S. Scriptures (Dublin, 1872), II; GiGOT, General Introd. to the
Holy Scriptures (New York, 1900); Richard Simon, Histoire
critique dcs principaux commentateurs du N. T. (Rotterdam,
1689); HoRNE. Introd. to the Scriptures (London. 1834), II;
HuRTER, Nomenclator; Vigooroux, Manuel biblique (Paris,
1882); Idem, Les Livres saints et la critique rationaliste (Paris,
1886), II.
C. .A.HERNB.
Commines (also Comines or Comynes), Philippe DE, French historian and statesman, b. in Flanders probably before 1447; d. at the Chateau d'.Ajgenton, France, about 1511. He was the son of Colard van den Clyte, chief bailiff of Flanders for the Duke of Burgundy, and of Marguerite d'Armuyden. His family owned the seigniory of Commines on the Lys, and .some of his ancestors had been aldermen of Ypres. He was brought up as a knight, spoke Flemish and French, but complains that he had never learned Latin — in the course of his travels he had learned Italian. In 1464 Commines was presented at the court of the Duke of Burgundy in Lille and became squire to the duke's son, the Count of Charolais, after- wards Charles the Bold. From 1464 to 1472 he was in the service of Charles, took part in his expeditions, and in 1465 was present at the battle of Montlh^ry. After the death of Philip the Good he was made chamberlain to the new Duke of Burgundy (1467). During the interview held at P^ronne (1468) Com- mines was taken into Charles the Bold's corifidence and then turned to Louis XI whom he secretly in- formed of his master's intentions. He nevertheless remained in the service of Charles who entrusted him with various missions to the governor of Calais (1470), to Brittany, and to Spain (1471). Nevertheless, on 8 August, 1472, he suddenly abandoned Charles the Bold during the duke's expedition in Normandy and went to Ponts-de-C6 to join Louis XL The latter loaded him with favours and estates, and in 1473 arranged his marriage with Helene de Cham- bes, a wealthy heiress whose dowry was the seig- niory of .\rgenton in Poitou. Commines now became one of the king's confidants and chief diplomatic agents.
However, after the death of Charles the Bold, the frankness with which Commines urged moderation upon the king aroused passing disfavour, but in 1478 Louis XI appointed him to conduct some difficult negotiations with the princes of Italy. After the con- spiracy of the Pazzi he saved the power of the Medici, allies of France, who were threatened by the pope and the dukes of Milan; in 1479 he protected the young Duke of Savoy against Lodovico il Moro, and in 1481 succeeded in maintaining French influence in Savoy. Upon the death of Louis XI, however, in 1 18.3, at which event he was present, Commines permitted himself, however, to be drawn into the faction of the Duke of Orleans and conspired against the regent, Anne of Beau- jeu. In 1487 he was arrested, confined at Loches in one of the iron cages used by Louis XI, and after- wards banished by Parliament to his own estates ; he was also deprived of his principality of Talmont which was reclaimed by the La Tremoille family. In 1491 he returned to court and, although opposed to the ex- pedition of Charles VIII into Italy, he neverthelesa accompanied it and was sent to Venice, where he was utterly powerless to prevent the intrigues that cul- minated in the league against Charlis VIII (1495). After the battle of Fornovo, he reti.rned to Venice and Milan, where he was totally unsuccessfid.
On the accession of Louis XII in 1498, Commines, for some imknown reason, lost caste at court and only reappeared there in 1.505, thanks to the influence of Anne of Brittany. His "Memoires" give but meagre information as to himself and leave many points in doubt ; even the exact dates of his birth and death are uncertain, and but little is known of the part he played at Pcronne, of his defection in 1472, his retirement at the accession of Louis XII, and of other matters. The
