DURHAM
211
DURHAM
magne, Sigismund, and Albreeht of Brandenburg;
further, the marginal drawings, displaying great fancy
and liumour, made for Maximilian's "Prayer Book",
and the "Triumphal Arch of Maximilian" belong to
the same time. Later, Diirer worked also on the
"Triumph of Maximilian", and produced (1522) the
large "Triumphal Car", for the emperor.
Third Period: 1.520 to 1528. — ,\dmirable sketches for "St. Jerome with the Skull", lately discovered by Anton Weber in Lisbon, give ample proof of the art- ist's diligence during his stay in the Netherlands. The striking head of the saint is very like the " Head of an Old Man" in the Albertina. After his return to Nuremberg, Diirer painted a noteworthy "Head of Christ" and portraits of Pirkheimer, Erasmus, and Holzschuher. His last work of importance (1526) was the " Four Apostles", Peter with John, and Paul with Mark ; these paintings, which are now in Munich, are much admired for the individuality of character ex- pressed by the figures and the fine treatment of the drapery. From the inscription under these pictures, despite the fact that Peter is represented as holding the keys of heaven, and from other circumstances that prove little, some have wished to infer that towards the end of his life Diirer became attached to the doc- trines of Luther. But even the Protestants van Eye, A. W. Becker, C. Kinkel, and others, do not share in this opinion, and M. Thausing, the great Diirer scholar, has now rejected it. No doubt many well- disposed persons of the time saw the necessity for ecclesiastical reform and hoped that it would be hast- ened by Luther's stand. But they were deceived and acknowledged it, as Pirkheimer did for himself and his friend: "I confess that in the beginning I believed in Luther, like our Albert of blessed memory . . . but as anyone can see, the situation has become worse."
In the years 1525-27, Diirer wrote three books: on geometry, the proportions of the human figure, and the art of fortification.
SiNtiKR, Versuch einer Diirer Bibliographic in Studien zur deutschen K unstgeschichte (1905); CoNW.\y, Literary Remains of Albreeht Durer (Cambridge, 1S89); CnsT, Albreeht Durer. a Study of his Life and Works (London. 1897); Knackfuss, A. Durer (6th ed., 1899), tr. Dodgeson (London, 1900); Weber, A. Diirer (3rd ed., Katisbon, 1903); Collection of drawings by LiPPMA-N'N (4 vols.) ; of woodcuts, LiiTzow; of copperplates and etchings, LuTzow and Soldau; of letters and diaries, Thau- sing. G. GlETMANN.
Durham (Dunelmdm), Ancient Catholic Dio- cese OF (Ddnelmensis). — This diocese holds a unique position among English bishoprics. Owing to its geo- graphical position on the Scottish border, the succes- sive bishops were led to assume constitutional and political functions in addition to their spiritual office. Consequently their rights and privileges were peculiar and extensive; and even to this day the Anglican Bishop of Durham has precedence over all other Eng- lish i)relates except those of Canterbury, York, and London. The diocese is the lineal continuation of the Anglo-Saxon See of Lindisfarne, founiled by St. Aidan in ().'i5, when he came from the monastery of Zona at the request of .St. Oswald, King of Northumbria, to evangelize that newly-conquered heathen kingdom. He built his monastery on the Island of Lindisfarne, novv' Holy Island, off Northumbria. Thus Northum- brian Christianity was of Celtic origin and followed the Celtic use as to the observance of Easter and other matters. But in the south the Roman use prevailed and conflict became inevitable. The controversy arose in the time of St. Colman, the third bishop, and was settled in 664 at the Synod of Whitby when the Roman use was adopted. Shortly after, St. Colman resigned the episcopate and the see was transferred to York, with St. Wilfrid as bi.shop.
In 678, St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, cut off from it two new sees, one for the Lindiswaras of Lincolnshire and the other for Bernicia. In 680 the Bemician see was subdivided into the Dioceses of Lin-
disfarne and Hexham, while finally a separate bishop-
ric was created for the Southern Picts. So that when
St. Cuthbert (q. v.) became Bishop of Lindisfarne the
diocese was only a fragment of what it had been under
St. Aidan. In the ninth century, when the Danes re-
peatedly harassed Northumbria, the Diocese of Hex-
ham ceased to have a separate existence, and about
820 was merged in that of York. In 875, Eardulf,
Bishop of Lindisfarne, was driven from his see, and
taking the body of St. Cuthbert, he with his monks
fled from the Danes. After wandering seven years
they found a resting place at Chester-le-Street (882) ;
and from here Eardulf and his eight immediate suc-
cessors ruled the see. In 995 Bishop Aldhun again
found himself defenceless before the Danes and fled
with St. Cuthbert's body to Ripon. When peace was
restored, he was returning to Chester-le-Street when
miraculous signs were given that the body of the
saint was to remain at Dunholm, the place where the
city of Durham now stands. A stone chapel was built
to receive St. Cuthbert's body and Aldhun began a
great church where the cathedral now is, which was
finished and consecrated in 999. In this way Ald-
hun became the first Bishop of Durham.
The following is the list of bishops with the dates of their accession. Those marked thus (t) held the office of Lord Chancellor: —
Bishops op Lindisfarne
C'ynewulf, 740
Iligbald, 780
Egbert, 803
Heathured (otherwise
Egfrid), 821 Ecgred, 8.30 Eanbert, 845 Eardulf, 854
St. Aidan, 635
St. Finan, 652
St. Colman, 661
Tuda, 664 St. Eata, 678 St. Cuthbert, 685 St. Eadbert, 688
Eadfrid, 698 St. Ethelwold, 724
Chester-le-Street Cutheard, 900 Sexhelm, 947
Tilred, 915 Aldred, 947
Wilgred, 928 Elfsig, 968
Uchtred, 944 Aldhun or Aldwin, 990
Bishops of Durham
Aldhun came to Durham,
995 Vacancy, 1018 Eadmund, 1021 Eadred, 1041 Egelric, 1042 Egelwin, 1056 Walcher, 1071 William de S. Carilef,
1080 Vacancy, 1096 Rannulf Flambard, 1099 Vacancy, 1129 Galfrid Rufusf, 1133 Vacancy and usurpation
of Cumin, 1140 William de S. Barbara,
1143 Hugh de Pudsey, 1153 Vacancy, 1194 Philip de Pictavia (el.
1195, cons. 1197) Vacancy, 1208 Richard de Mariscof, 1217 Vacancy, 1226 Richard Poor, 1228 Vacancy, 1237 Nicholas de Farnham,
1241
Walter de Kirkham, 1249
Robert de Stitchill, 1260
Robert de Insula, 1274
Antony Beck, 1283
Richard de Kellaw, 1311
Lewis de Beaumont, 1318
Richard de Buryt, 1333
Thomas de Hatfield, 1345
John Fordham, 1382
Walter Skirlaw, 1388
Thomas Langleyf (after-
wards Cardinal), 1406
Robert Neville, 1438
Laurence Boothf, 1457
William Dudley, 1476
Vacancy, 1483
John Sherwood, 1485
Richard Fox, 1494
William Sever, 1502
Vacancy, 1505
Christopher Bainbridge
(afterwards Cardinal),
1507
Vacancy, 1508
Thomas Ruthall, 1509
Thomas Wolsey (already
Cardinal and Abp. of
York), 1523
Cuthbert Tunstall, 1530
The Cathedral. — The first Norman bishop, Wal-
cher, was murdered by the people in 1080, and was
